'Military report on Tehran and adjacent Provinces of North-West Persia (including the Caspian Littoral)' [‎86v] (177/610)

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CHAPTER HI.
General.
General.
Climate, Water, Medical.
general, dissimilar nature of climates of Caspian provinces and
of Persian plateau sections of area 140—Climate of Caspian
provinces 140-3, general 140, rainfall 142, snow 143, winds
143—Climate of Persian plateau section 143-7, general 143,
rainfall 145, snow 146, winds 147—water supply 147
general medical conditions 149-54, water borne diseases,
typhoid, cholera, small-pox, typhus and relapsing fever,
scabies, dysentery, tuberculosis, opthalmia, venereal diseases,
tropical diseases 151-3, sickness due to altitude and climate
153, summary 153—renditions affecting aviation 154-6,
aerodromes 155, type of machines 156, hangars 156
meteorological observations for Tehran 157-63.
A.—Climate.
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The climate is twofold corresponding with the geographical
division into Caspian provinces and Persian plateau, the former
being humid, very changeable but with a moderate range of
temperature, the latter intensely dry, not liable to sudden
changes, with extreme ranges of temperatures between summer
and winter, day and night, sun and shade. The damp heat and
swarms of mosquitoes and horse flies render summer travelling
in the former as arduous and difficult as winter travelling through
the snow and slush of the latter’. So great is the difference
between these two climates that the Persians accustomed to the
one cannot keep their health in the other. Within these areas
also the climate varies according to the altitude, between
“ yailaq ” and “ qishlaq, ” the northern slope of the Elburz,
for instance, between the snowy cone of Damavand and the
moist warm lowlands of the Caspian coast, presenting every
gradation of climate and atmosphere in the closest juxtaposi-
tion. . _.
Such changes bring out fever in many Persians and Indians.
The seasons for pleasant and healthy travelling along routes
traversing both “ yailaq ” and “ qishlaq ” are limited to 15th
March to 1st May, and 15th September to 30th November.
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1. Climate of the Caspian Provinces.
On the Elburz mountains the clouds from the Caspian
driven by the prevailing N. W. winds, impinge and descend m