'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎336] (407/905)

336 pashalik of afiyum kara hisar. [chap. xv.
craters and a bed of scoriaceous lava broken into a thousand
forms, with a mixture of hills and valleys, which by Hassel-
quist have been compared to the waves, high billows, and
gulls of a boisterous ocean suddenly converted into stone is
not, however, without verdure, being dotted with fruit-trees;
the vine especially flourishes; and a considerable portion of
this singular tract is well cultivated. 1
The Pashalik of Afiyum Kara-hisar forms the s,outh-eastern
limit of the preceding district, from Ishekli to Hamzah Hail,
having Komyeh to the east, Hamid to the south-west, and An
gora to the north-east. At the western side it is separated by
a range of hills from the plains of Kutahiyah, and on the
south-east by those of Dombai, which intervene between it and
I^omyeh, but the rest consists of level tracts, such as the plains
of feandukli and Afiyiim Kara-hisar, on which opium is so
successfully cultivated as to give to the capital the name last
mentioned, signifying Opium Black Castle. This place, pro
bably the ancient Metropolis, 2 is nearly in the centre of the'small
district to which it gives its name; and it occupies the foot
oi a rocky range of hills at the entrance of a vallev on the
western side of the plain. The castle is very conspicuous,
being built on a kind of rocky basaltic spar, and it commands
i 0 ^nnnT^ 11 0f ^ t0Wn - The latter contains
about 6000 houses of clay and wood, amidst which the Serai
of the Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. and a double domed mosque are conspicuous
In addition to the preparation of opium and some madder the
inhabitants are employed in the manufacture of black felts
At the south-western extremity of the Pashalik is the plain
of Sandukh, with a town of about 700 houses, under a Dereh
±5ei ; and towards the opposite are the A'yanliks of Eski-Kara-
^ar, and of Beiad; and more eastward the dependency of
-Bolawadm, a considerable town on the borders of Angora,
Geographical Journal ^ VI11 " ^ 142 ' &C - <* **
8 Leake's Asia Minor, p. 57.