'Military report on Tehran and adjacent Provinces of North-West Persia (including the Caspian Littoral)' [‎237r] (478/610)

. Man ,y villages possess from 20 to 40 mules but trarsrort
rs usually an transit and little remains stationary, and it is
advisable to Jure mules at the start for the vhole journey.
Only a small party requiring not more than 6 mules can
stage J ^ them f ° r 10 kr ^ nS eaCh in rela y s lroin sta g e to
Commandeering of mules is very difficult as all ‘ charvadars ’
have a wholesome dread of impressment and hard treatment
meted out to them by Persian officials, Cossacks and gendarmerie.
-lbere is little or no carrying trade East and West in the
Caspian provinces. The peasantry own many ponies which
they use for their own local work, but no estimate of their
numbers is possible. They are unshod and not fit for mountain
work.
In t ^ e . Elb y rz villages wood for burning is only obtained from Fuel,
the artificial plantations around the villages and is consequently
rather scarce. J
A lair amount of charcoal also is always obtainable which
has been fetched from the charcoal furnaces in the upper forest
levels Eorth of the watershed The boundary between adjacent drainage basins. . 11
From the watershed The boundary between adjacent drainage basins. to the sea charcoal is plentiful and the
supply of wood unlimited.
nart?nf in +L 1 %^ < h 0d ° n aU ? ie m ° re 2 ° pen and le£s Precipitous Grazing,
parts of the Elburz m early summer after April, its duration
depending on the elevation and the naturally dry or moist
nature of the soil, and on the movements of flocks which come up
vO graze. -*■
autimm eiMiySnband ’ tllereiS grazing ir ° m to late
The lowlands are perennially green, but the pastures are
cropped very close in winter, until the spring growth begins m
arch. In April and May, the grazing is unlimited and except'
m dry seasons, it continues abundant throughout the summer
In nutritive quality, however, it is considered inferior S +t
grass in the highlands. Q inlenor to tlie
for the Persian 1 Cossacksl^causedmediaTe ^rj 118 . F ommail<3eere d in Tehran
along the Tehran-Chaius route The m“le S w r “ n^' 011 of tlle carrying trade
and nr^t da K^ a iK airFI"--- en ofl t0 the moSntaiEs
hills ^ofAmarlu and Lailinian. 1 iar ’ Plruzkah > an <i on the undulating
pass on to UirhigSndr^^ora as^th? 1 Stu^s fr ° m the COast in s P rin g and
The grass n the Miyanband is left to grow long durTnltf read ^ in e arly summer
journey in autumn. * ng o 111111 !! summer for their downward
Climatic conditions and insect nests inrmnnt- ■ .
summer, and they do not return fro£ the MiyTnband Sfl lateaVtumn?* 18 iD the