'Reports of administration for 1918 of divisions and districts of the occupied territories in Mesopotamia. Volume I' [‎41r] (86/470)

A Shaikh or a Saiyid may say he has so many Sarkals, but each of these is
responsible to Government, as, directly or indirectly, he has become the lessee of
Government land, and the Shaikh or Saiyid has no share in the produce of such
Sarkals, except in so far as he may have financed their crop by private arrangement.
Perhaps this condition of affairs, which is often misunderstood, may be best
explained by imagining the Government as tapu owner of all land for which private
persons are not tapu owners. All land can now ba considered tapu. The owner
of the tapu is the mallak, the person responsible for cultivation is the sarkal, the
cultivator is the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. . In tribally-owned land the Government is mallak, the
shaikh or any of his sarkals is the sarkal, and the cultivator is the’ fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. . When
a sarkal actually cultivates himself he is both sarkal and fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. . Hence has arisen
in Shamiyah what is for ‘Iraq an unusual phenomenon—the peasant proprietor—
as many Sarkals are their own fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. s and pay directly to Government.
In tapu lands, of course, the tapu owner is the mallak, and is responsible for
the payment of all taxes.
(3) Relations between the Sarkal, that is, Saiyid, Shaikh, or Sarkal, in Miri Land,
and the Fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. . —As a general rule under the Turkish regime a Sarkal took three-
fifths of the crop, from which he paid the miri share, and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. two-fifths.
Since the reduction of the Government share to one-third the Sarkal takes two-
thirds and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. one-third. In miri gardens the Sarkal takes two-thirds or
three-quarters and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. one-third or one quarter respectively, as the agreement
may be.
The fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. provides seed; if he cannot, the sarkal provides seed on loan, to be
recovered in kind at the time of harvest, according to the terms of the agreement.
The fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. is also responsible for opening the canals, and failure to do this entitles
the Sarkal to discharge him.
I do not fully agree with Mr. Garbett when he remarks in his Revenue note :
“ The district presents instances of every variety of tribal tenure, together with a
new feature, the muqata‘ahs of Saiyids.” As will be seen from the description
in the preceding paragraphs, both Saiyid and tribal tenure in Sham^ah are the
same.
(4) Tapu. —There is very little agricultural tapu land in the Division, the
reason being given that the Shaikhs and Saiyids feared that the registration of their
lands as tapu would make them liable for military service. The only two estates
are Muwaihi in Hor-al-Dukhn, owned in partnership by Manahim Daniel and the
family of the Kiliddar of Najaf, and Rughailah on the Shamiyah, owned by the
family of the Kiliddar and that of Hafiz Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. of Constantinople.
A considerable number of gardens are, however, registered as tapu, though
for the same reason as was operative in the case of agricultural land the majority
are still miri. Apparently on first introducing the tapu system the Turks used
to give one deed for every garden, but later issued a notice that two deeds were
required, known as Zamin and Ash jar, for the land and the trees respectively.
There are a few gardens for which two such deeds exist.
In most cases the mallak employs a Sarkal, who is in reality his agent, though
occasionally he is Sarkal himself, that is, manages directly, and in a very few instances
is fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. as well.
(5) Relations between Mallak, Sarkal, and Fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. on Tapu Land. —These relations
are somewhat complicated.
In Tapu Sih (flow) lands the Mallak takes half of the crops of shitwi and saifi,
other than rice, and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. takes the other half. From the half the mallak
takes he pays the Government tax and a certain amount to his Sarkal, if he has any,
as agreed between them on the appointment of the Sarkal.
In Kurud lands the mallak takes one-seventh of the crops and pays from the
one-seventh the Government tax, and the remaining six-sevenths are shared between
the Sarkar and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. . The Sarkal has to provide machinery and animals, &c.,
and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. has to provide seed, and if he has no seed he takes the seed from the
Sarkal or Mallak on loan.
In Tapu gardens the Mallak takes two-thirds of the yield and the fallah Arabic for ‘peasant’. It was used by British officials to refer to agricultural workers or to members of a social class employed primarily in agricultural labour. one-
third. From the two-thirds the Mallak takes, he pays the Government tax, and
pays to his Sarkal, if he has any, a certain share agreed to on the appointment of
the Sarkal.
The Mallak in the case of gardens has to provide pumps, oil, and the animals
required for the Karad.