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'IRAQ AND THE PERSIAN GULF' [353r] (708/862)
The record is made up of 1 volume (430 folios). It was created in 1944. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
.
issSfeSaSiSraa:::
PORTS AND INLAND TOWNS 549
of Kurds with some Christian traders and artisans. It is a place of strategic
importance on the route to Persia (photo. 213).
History
Ruwandiz was in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries a town of the
Ardalan dominions, being the centre of a semi-independent principality.
Lying in a country as wild as Hakari, it was but faintly penetrated by the
Turkish administration, and the various petty aghas of the neighbourhood
have been habitually engaged in tribal wars. In 1826 a great ruler arose in
Mohammed Khor, a half-blind Beg who succeeded in dominating the local
tribes and in extending his rule to the Little Zab and Erbil, and in
1833 to Aqra, Amadia, and Zakho. After his fall Ruwandiz shrank again
to a local fief.
During the War of 1914-1918 Ruwandiz suffered severely from the ad
vance and subsequent retreat of the Russians through the Ruwandiz gorges;
numbers of the population of all ages were massacred and thrown over the
cliff, the town itself being burnt. These atrocities, followed by a Turkish
reoccupation, famine, and an epidemic of Spanish influenza, reduced the
population to a quarter of its original strength. Ruwandiz was occupied by
the Surchi tribe during the disturbances of 1920 and in 1923. Its recent
history has been much troubled by a blood feud between the families of its
two principal aghas.
General Description
The town is long and straggling. It comprises an upper and a lower part.
The upper town, built on a steep slope which flattens out into a plateau on
top, consists of simple mud or stone huts not very closely built and a few
larger houses with gardens. The rebuilding of the lower town was only
begun after the construction of the Erbil-Ruwandiz road. Two massive
but dilapitated forts built by Mohammed Khor guard the approach on
either bank of the Rubar-i-Ruwandiz. The canyons of the Handren and
Ruwandiz are crossed by two bridges, one modern, and a road leads through
the town from bridge to bridge. Though a market town, Ruwandiz is
not a great storage centre for foodstuffs. Water is conveyed by pipes
from mountain springs. There is a very remarkable spring at Jindian,
which flows and ceases irregularly several times a day. Trade consists
chiefly of the transit of goods and of the marketing of such local products
as gallnuis, wool, goats’ hair, raisins, and tobacco. A local Kurdish news
paper is printed in the town.
Coimnunications
Land : Access to the town is by a branch from the metalled road [9] from
Erbil through the Ruwandiz gorge. Tracks lead north to Diana and up
the Balikian valley to Baradost country. Metalled road [9] east by the
Ruwandiz valley to Rayat and the Persian border, continuing eventually to
About this item
- Content
The volume is titled Iraq and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (London: Naval Intelligence Division, 1944).
The report contains preliminary remarks by the Director of Naval Intelligence, 1942 (John Henry Godfrey) and the Director of Naval Intelligence, 1944 (E G N Rushbrook).
There then follows thirteen chapters:
- I. Introduction.
- II. Geology and description of the land.
- III. Coasts of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. .
- IV. Climate, vegetation and fauna.
- V. History.
- VI. People.
- VII. Distribution of the people.
- VIII. Administration and public life.
- IX. Public health and disease.
- X. Irrigation, agriculture, and minor industry.
- XI. Currency, finance, commerce and oil.
- XII. Ports and inland towns.
- XIII. Communications.
- Appendices: stratigraphy; meteorological tables; ten historical sites, chronological table; weights and measures; authorship, authorities and maps.
There follows a section listing 105 text figures and maps and a section listing over 200 illustrations.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (430 folios)
- Arrangement
The volume is divided into a number of chapters, sub-sections whose arrangement is detailed in the contents section (folios 7-13) which includes a section on text-figures and maps, and list of illustrations. The volume consists of front matter pages (xviii), and then a further 682 pages in the original pagination system.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 430; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio.
Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
- Written in
- English in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/L/MIL/17/15/64
- Title
- 'IRAQ AND THE PERSIAN GULF'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, 2r:253r, 254r, 255r:429v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence