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'IRAQ AND THE PERSIAN GULF' [320v] (643/862)
The record is made up of 1 volume (430 folios). It was created in 1944. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
PORTS AND INLAND TOWNS
5 00
capital on the right bank of the Tigris between modern Karkh and
Kadhimain (a.d. 762-766). This ‘Round City’, known as Dar as
Salam, ‘Abode of Peace’, consisted of three concentric zones separ
ated by walls and crossed by four roads which radiated from the
Caliph’s palace at the centre. But it soon spread far beyond its outer
most walls with prosperous market suburbs, including Adhamiya on
the east bank. The secession of the caliphal court to Samarra
(836-892) was a temporary check, and the full growth of the city on
the east bank dates from the return of the Caliphs, when Mutamid
moved his court there. As the Round City decayed the main
town grew up on its present site, and at its greatest extent in late
Abbasid times must have covered the same area as the core of the
present city, because the walls built by Caliph Mustadhir (a.d. 1095)
followed the same line on the east as the later Ottoman fortifications.
Baghdad suffered greatly in the Mongol invasions which eclipsed the
Caliphate (p. 254), particularly from the sack by Hulagu Khan (1258)
and by Tamerlane (1401). Very few Abbasid buildings survived
this destruction, and later rebuilding removed most of these. The
fortifications were first restored in 1405 and later greatly amplified.
The Englishman Ralph Fitch found Baghdad in 1583 ‘a town not very
great but populous and of great traffic of strangers, for that is the way
to Persia, Turkey, and Arabia’. East Baghdad and Karkh were already
connected by a bridge of boats ‘tyed to a great chain of iron’. Thus
trade maintained the city when it was not a great political capital.
From 1508 to 1534 Baghdad was under Persian control and many
of the surviving Sunni mosques and colleges were destroyed. When
Sultan Suleiman I drove the Persians out in 1534 (p. 256) he restored
many shrines. Thenceforth Baghdad was the capital of the senior
pashalik or ayalat of Ottoman Iraq. It suffered from later sieges in
the continual warfare between Turkey and Persia, and particularly
from the Persian occupation of 1623-1638. This occupation popular
ized the Persian architectural style in Baghdad and Iraq. Sultan
Murad IV recovered the city in 1638 and was the last Ottoman Sultan
to visit it. The Gate of the Talisman, bricked up behind him,
remained unused for three centuries. A succession of Turkish Pashas
enriched and improved the shrines of Baghdad, which became again
the virtual capital of northern and southern Iraq under the Mamluk
Pashas (1704-1831, p. 259) (photo 129). The last of these, Daud
Pasha
An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders.
, built several new mosques and also the triple-arched bazaar
still in use. Many of the finest old houses date from this epoch, but
in April 1831 the city suffered from a flood which destroyed 7,000
About this item
- Content
The volume is titled Iraq and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (London: Naval Intelligence Division, 1944).
The report contains preliminary remarks by the Director of Naval Intelligence, 1942 (John Henry Godfrey) and the Director of Naval Intelligence, 1944 (E G N Rushbrook).
There then follows thirteen chapters:
- I. Introduction.
- II. Geology and description of the land.
- III. Coasts of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. .
- IV. Climate, vegetation and fauna.
- V. History.
- VI. People.
- VII. Distribution of the people.
- VIII. Administration and public life.
- IX. Public health and disease.
- X. Irrigation, agriculture, and minor industry.
- XI. Currency, finance, commerce and oil.
- XII. Ports and inland towns.
- XIII. Communications.
- Appendices: stratigraphy; meteorological tables; ten historical sites, chronological table; weights and measures; authorship, authorities and maps.
There follows a section listing 105 text figures and maps and a section listing over 200 illustrations.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (430 folios)
- Arrangement
The volume is divided into a number of chapters, sub-sections whose arrangement is detailed in the contents section (folios 7-13) which includes a section on text-figures and maps, and list of illustrations. The volume consists of front matter pages (xviii), and then a further 682 pages in the original pagination system.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 430; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio.
Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
- Written in
- English in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/L/MIL/17/15/64
- Title
- 'IRAQ AND THE PERSIAN GULF'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, 2r:253r, 254r, 255r:429v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence