'IRAQ AND THE PERSIAN GULF' [‎249v] (503/862)

374 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
landowners. The nominal unity of the twenty-two sections of the
tribe is much disturbed by bitter blood-feuds which render united
action almost impossible. The seasonal migration to Persia was inter
rupted by the action of the Persian Government in 1930.
Other tribes, mainly agricultural, exist in this region, such as
Talabani and Zend\ the former are really the miscellaneous tenants of
the landowning Talabani family, but the Zend are the remnant of a
Persian tribe. East of Diyala are the Sharafbaiani, a semi-nomadic
tribe containing a former section of the Jaf; they live north of the
Abbassan stream between the Diyala and the frontier. The sedentary
Bajlani to the south of the Abbassan are another miscellaneous collec
tion of peasant Kurds, partly Persian and partly Turkoman by origin.
The Persian Kalhur migrate into this region and use Khanaqin
as their market centre. In the Av-i-Tanjero valley the peasantry is
non-tribal and is controlled by the town aghas, shaikhs, and landlords
of Sulaimaniya.
Outside this region, along the Ab-i-Naft and amid the small Arab
tribes round Mandali, are the intrusive Qaraulus, a small sedentary
Shia tribe of peasants and stock-breeders (fig. 67).
Kirkuk Plain and Adhaim Basin (figs. 23, 70). The dominant tribes
are Shuan and Hamawand. Both are semi-sedentary shepherd tribes
with subordinate agricultural holdings. The Shuan have lands south
of the Little Zab between Taktak and Chemchemal; they number
some 2,000 families and are good farmers. They have an agree
ment of perpetual friendship with the Hamawand, who though few in
number are one of the most spirited and warlike of Kurdish tribes
(photo. 139). The Hamawand have been well led by their aghas, and
are also famous brigands; their stronghold is the Bazian valley of the
Tauq Chai, but their lands stretch west of the Bazian hills to Shuan
country north of Chemchemal. The sedentary peasants (Kafrushi,
Shinki sections) of the Bazian valley are reckoned as Hamawand, but
the pure Hamawand sections (1,000 families) are shepherds. The
sedentary Zangana Kurds (500 families) in the rolling hills between
the upper Aq Su and the Diyala form two hostile groups, Khan Zur
(Ibrahim Khanji) being their original centre. The semi-nomadic
Daudi tribe (1,000 families) in the plains east of Tuz Khurmatli and
Tauq is noted for its mules and the coherence of its tribal system.
The Shaikh Bizaini, a small sedentary tribe on both banks of the
Little Zab, separate the Shuan from the river; by origin they are
Khushnao Kurds from the Shaqlawa region (p. 376)*
Erbil Plain (figs. 24, 71). Dizai and Girdi are the notable tribes.