'Handbook of Arabia. Vol. I. 1917' [‎186] (195/748)

186
ADEN AND THE INTERIOR
The tribesman forms the real fighting strength of the Sultanate
and provides his own weapons, drawing ammunition—or its
equivalent in cash—from the Sultan, when on state service. His
hardihood, activity, and keen sight make him a formidable opponent.
He has a natural aptitude for scouting and possesses remarkable
powers of endurance, being independent of much transport, whilst
the constant friction along the tribal borders engenders a high state
of combatant training. The Sultan frequently uses one tribe to
fight another as a punishment for raiding, but he cannot claim
tribal service against tribal interests ; any real emergency, however,
will bring the tribesmen in. Individuals and small detachments
will serve an alien for pay beyond the limits of their tribeship.
The tribesmen are really civilians (a term used for want of
a better, though this word does not exactly translate the Arabic
word mwi, plural ray a), but prepared at a moment's notice to
leave flocks and camels, farms or pasture, or trekking, when
danger threatens clan, tribe, or Sultanate. They give no regular
military service under any condition, nor do they practise the use
of weapons, but content themselves with the reluctant payment
of a tax and the unavoidable imposts of the Grovernment that
guards their lives and property. They may be divided into the
following classes: merchants, of more or less influence and
wealth ; mechanics and artisans; the ' hejris ' or freed serfs, usually
attached to some chief as agricultural labourers or to some master
craftsman; and lastly, and lowest in the social scale, the slaves,
the males serving as retainers or subordinate husbandmen and
the females as domestic servants or attendants on children. The
latter class, however, are slaves only in name, having usually their
own menage, and they remain in one family from generation to
generation; they are mostly Swahilis and Nubians. One other class
needs passing mention—the shdhids or bards, whose duty, in the
exercise of their profession, is to stimulate the tribal standard of
chivalry by heroic strains of former prowess, or with stinging
satire to lash a slothful ruler to martial vigour. When belligerent
tribes are set in battle, it is the shd on either side who urge the
courage of the combatants.
In religion two schools of the Sunni creed—the Hanifi (or
philosophic school) and the Shafei—are followed, the latter, the
nearest to the early Islamic tradition, being the more general.
The practice of religion varies, of course, in different districts, and
among some of the nomad races it is little more than a name.
Speaking of religious observance among the people of this region
as a whole, Bury says : ' The laity, while fanatical to the verge of