‘File 28/7 II War: Propaganda – Local Opinion’ [111r] (221/686)
The record is made up of 1 file (341 folios). It was created in 12 Mar 1942-12 Aug 1944. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
strategy
wLich r.iv
I'Icrtli Air
I have recently received e reviev of orr naval
in the ifediterranean covering the var up to cU to
ee a hach;round to the present operationo in
ica end vi,:ich, I an •v.rc, rill interest you?
In 1940 Britain not merely ade the decision to
continue lighting alone hut actually laid dean a. great
s t r a. tegic pi an o f v icto ip-. Ti i s s t r a t c g i c p 1 an wa r> to put
a ring of encirclement around Hitier and hole that ring
until"the United Hations had tine to gather their forces.
This ring of encirclement laid iown by Britain extends
tfirough forth for ray via Iceland, Gibraltar, 1 alta, Egypt
and Iraq. The determination to hold this ring was, in fact,
offensive strategy since if the ring could be held until
the United fations grew in strength and had time to gather
their forces an offensive could be launched from, the mediter
ranean area right at the heart of the Axis. Two places v/ieie
Hitler tried hardest to break out of this strategic ring
with which Britain had encircled him were t (1) the Mediter
ranean, (2) by lard, via Russia.
How is the time to repeat all over the world
the full story of how Britain with utterly inferior
numerical forces on the sea, on the land and in the air,
held the ring tight for two years in the • • e citerraneon
alone and thus made possible the events of today. The
following da ta concern those sea and air operations in the
Mediterranean which at the time seemed merely defensive
but were in fact a part of the great offensive strategy
Ur.Churchill laid down in 1940 for the ulti’ ate collapse
of the Axis.
Let us take first our sea operations in the
Mediterranean from 1940 to 1942. In June 1940 when Italy
entered the war .she had in the Mediterranean six battle
ships, seven 8-inch gun cruisers, fourteen 6-inch gun
cruisers, one hundred and thirty-one destroyers and torpedo-
boats and one hundred and four submarines. On the 26th
May, 1942, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham who commanded
the British Fleet in the Mediterranean in 19 40-1941 •, and
who directs the Anglo-American naval operations in the
Mediterranean, revealed:
"In June 1940 Britain had in the Mediterranean
a little more than a token force. ’hen Italy
entered the war, our Fleet there consisted of
a few cruisers and destroyers and nothing else
ft
In-joint Anglo-French strategy the holding of the Mediter
ranean was mainly to have been the task of the French
Fleet. Thus when France collapsed complete sea control of
the Mediterranean by the Axis seemed assured.
Then t ake sir pcwer.
At t hi s s a me tire Ax i s
numerical and qualitative superiority in the Mediterranean
was overwhelming. Mere are the figures; The frontline
Italian air
the British
between two
force available lor the purpose of smashing
ring around the Axis in the Uec.iterranean was
thousand and two thousand five hundred aircraft.
About this item
- Content
The file, a direct chronological continuation of ‘File 28/7 I War: Propaganda: local opinion’ (IOR/R/15/2/687), comprises reports and correspondence concerning: the dissemination of pro-British and Allied propaganda in Bahrain and the wider Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. region, as prepared and coordinated by the Publicity Office in Bahrain; the reception and impact of propaganda (Allied and Axis) on local public opinion in Bahrain. The propaganda covers events from Germany’s advances in Russia and Japan’s advances in the Indian Ocean in early 1942, to the Allied Landings in Normandy in June 1944. The principal correspondents in the file are: the Public Relations Officer in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Bertram Sidney Thomas); the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. at Bahrain (Major Reginald George Evelin William Alban; Edward Birkbeck Wakefield; Major Tom Hickinbotham); and the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Geoffrey Prior).
The file includes:
- weekly reports, prepared by Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. staff, summarising local opinion in Bahrain towards news of events in the war. These reports were sent by the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. in digested form and on a weekly basis to the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. ;
- throughout the file, minutes of the approximately monthly meetings held by the Bahrain Radio Listeners Committee between July 1942 and August 1943. The minutes chiefly comprise comments on the content, quality of reception, quality of delivery, and timing, of BBC Arabic radio broadcasts, and to a lesser extent that of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. radio station;
- throughout the file, summaries of ‘talking points’ for dissemination as propaganda, focusing on topics including: Russia’s military strength against Germany (ff 42-43); facts and figures of the air war in the Mediterranean (ff 135-136); facts and figures on the Allied bombing campaign over Germany, with a focus on damage in Berlin and Essen (f 173);
- a report by Thomas of his tour of Middle East publicity centres (in Cairo, Jerusalem, Baghdad), dated 28 February 1943, commenting on: printing resources at Cairo; mechanical monitoring of radio broadcasts in Baghdad; use of cinema vans in remote districts of Iraq; Thomas’s own recommendations for publicity in the Gulf, including use of additional film projectors, hospitality sessions; majlis sessions (ff 11-16);
- a copy of an undated letter from L H Hurst of the Ministry of Information in London, to Thomas, requesting advice on ‘the best ways of capitalising the sympathies of pro-British Arabs.’ Thomas’s lengthy reply is appended to the letter (ff 47-51, with an additional copy at ff 59-64);
- correspondence relating to Thomas’s planned trip across the Arabian Peninsula, in March 1943 (ff 141-156);
- correspondence relating to Thomas’s departure to take up a role as head of an Arab Centre for training new officers (f 227);
- arrangements to send coloured film and records for broadcast in Sharjah (f 202);
- Government of Bahrain public notices: a prohibition on listening to German and Italian radio broadcasts, dated 16 June 1940 (f 5); a prohibition on listening to Japanese radio broadcasts, dated 8 December 1941 (f 6); dimming of car headlamps and other air raid precautions, dated 16 April 1942 (f 22).
- Extent and format
- 1 file (341 folios)
- Arrangement
The file’s contents are arranged in approximate chronological order, from the earliest item at the front to the latest at the end. The file notes at the end of the file (ff 315-342) mirror the chronological arrangement.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 343; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-314; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence. An additional mixed foliation/pagination sequence is also present in parallel between ff 315-342.
- Written in
- English in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/R/15/2/688
- Title
- ‘File 28/7 II War: Propaganda – Local Opinion’
- Pages
- front, front-i, 2r:4v, 7r:21v, 23r:342v, back-i, back
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence