'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎41] (86/905)

CHAP. Ill,]
SOURCES OF THE FRAT.
41
of these sources, which is situated in the Anti-Taurus, 25 miles
N.E. of Erz-Rum. The branch from thence takes a westerly it 8 first
direction at first, and, after passing within seven or eight tIlbutarle8 •
miles of the capital of Armenia, it is joined, a few miles
farther west, by two small feeders, coming also from the
north; then, after a course of about 40 miles farther to the
W.S.W., it receives a third, coming from the west, near
Kather-Kopri; and again, a little lower, but on the opposite
side, and coming from the Judi Tagh range, the Mahmah
Khatun, which is its first large tributary, and runs into it
through the plain of Terjan. 1 From hence the river, which
is now a considerable stream known by the name of the Kara
su, makes a circuit, winding through the mountains and over
rapids, into the plain of Erzingan ; 2 through which it flows
in the same general direction, close to the town of that name.
This place contains about 3000 houses, and is situated at the Erzingan.
western extremity of the plain. 3 Here the Kara su enters a
narrow, difficult defile, which continues as far as Kemakh,
a mountain town, situated about 26 miles S. 55° W. of Erzin
gan, and consisting of 400 Turkish, with 30 Armenian
houses, which are singularly placed amidst gardens, on a slope,
ascending from the river.
At the eastern side of Kemakh, a large tributary, called The Komer
the Komer su, enters from the westward, beyond the
town of Devrek, after a course of 70 or 80 miles, with a
sufficient body of water to carry timber, which is after
wards floated along the Kara su for the use of Kebban
Ma'den. 4
Immediately after the junction of this branch, the mam
trunk passes under a wooden bridge, and enters a deep chasm
in the mountains, through which its united waters have
forced their way. 5
1 Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. VI. Part II., p. 201.
2 It is fordable only at a few places even in the dry season.
3 Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. VI. Part II., p. 16.
4 Ibid., p. 203. „ ^ ,
* This chasm is mentioned by Pliny, lib. V., c. 24; as well as by several
of the old writers; and also by D'Anville. ,
G
VOL. I.