'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎30] (73/905)

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THE UPPER TIGRIS AND BUND OF 'ADHIM. [CHAP. II.
of the Saklawiyah canal. It is from 35 to 40 feet high,
with towers at intervals of 55 paces from each other along
its western side; and there is a ditch towards the exterior 27
paces broad. It is called Chalu, or Sidd Nimrud, and is built
of the small pebbles of the country imbedded in lime of great
tenacity. 1 This interesting relic of the olden time had been
previously passed farther westward by Mr. Fitzjames in 1836;
and, subsequently to Dr. Ross, by Lieutenant Lynch, who
followed it for some miles in 1838.
After a course of about 15 miles eastward from the Duje'il
the Tigris makes a deep double bend, so as to pass close to
the site of Opis, in the form of the letter S; and at the eastern
extremity of the bend it receives the river Adhim. The
centre of ancient Opis appears to have been in the bend, above
the Adhim, and also in the angle formed by the junction of
the two branches of the Nahrawan, 2 of which the lower one,
or Nahr al Resas, comes from Kai'm, 3 and the other, the
Nebi Suleimdn, already mentioned, from below the extensive
ruins of Imam Dur. 4 The latter was, no doubt, excavated to
feed the principal branch, by commanding a supply of water
higher up at certain seasons of the year.
The main trunk of the Adhim rises in the mountains
north of Kerkuk; and, after a southerly course for some
distance, it receives the Tak, a tributary coming from the
N.E.; and, a little lower, the Tuz-Khurmati, coming by a
westerly direction from the Karadagh range. 5 The course
of the Adhim continues to run southward through the
Hamrm hills, at the foot of which, on the southern side, are
the remains of a remarkable bund, which was constructed
of the most solid materials 6 at a remote period. Its object
was to raise the water so as to supply the canal of Ratham,
1 Dr. Ross's Journey to Al Hadhr: pp. 445, 446, Vol. IX. Part III.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
a Dr. Ross's MSS., Journey, p. 13.
3 Called by AbM-fedd, Albadia.-—MSS. of Mr. Rassam.
4 Rich's Kurdistdn, Vol. II., p. 148.
' Mr. Ainsworth crossed these branches.—See ' Expedition/
The larger side across the stream is 156 paces long, and the shorter, which
forms nearly a right angle with it, is 64 paces.—MS. of Dr. Ross.