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Persian Gulf Administration Reports 1883/84 - 1904/05 [38r] (80/602)
The record is made up of 1 volume (299 folios). It was created in 1884-1906. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
EESIDENCY AND MUSCAT POLITICAL
AGENCY
An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent.
FOE 1884-85.
35
The Turks could now no longer conceal from themselves the evident superiority of the
Portuguese at sea; their efforts against them hitherto, so far from breaking up the Portuguese
power, had bad, on the contrary, the effect of extending its prestige. Had the Turks been
able to foresee more clearly the dire results in the future to their empire from the change in
the course of trade effected by the Portuguese they would doubtless have put forth the utmost
of their strength in the East and combined with the Asiatics to expel their rivals from
India.
Being then in the plenitude of their strength, they might thus possibly have kept
Europeans out of the Indian Ocean for many a year to come. The battle of Lepanto had not
yet been fought, and the Turks were still supposed to be invincible at sea in Europe; but not
even the genius of Suliman the Great, who now reigned at Stamboul, seems to have grasped
the vital importance to himself of crushing the Portuguese enterprise in the East. He struck
one final blow at them, however, before relinquishing the contest and leaving the Portuguese
to enjoy the fruits of their discoveries and monopoly. It so happened that this final struggle
was also the most hardly contested and decisive sea fights in which the Turks had till then
been engaged. It foreshadowed the disasters of Lepanto, and is described by the Turkish
historian as a greater affair than the battle between Barbarossa and the allied fleet under the
Spanish Admiral Andrea Doria, fought off Prevesa in the Mediterranean in 1538.
The remainder of Moorad's ill-fated squadron formed the nucleus of the new fleet, the
organization and command of which were entrusted by Sultan Suliman to the Capudan of
Egypt, Sidi Ali-bin-Hoosain. At the close of the year 1553, having arrived at Basra by way of
Aleppo and Mosul, Sidi Ali at once commenced his preparations, and in July 1554) set sail from
Basra. The Governor of this city, Mustapha
Pasha
An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders.
, who had been despatched by the Porte with
a frigate to Hormuz, had informed the Capudan Sidi Ali that the infidels had only four ships,
and the Capudan, expecting an easy conquest, pressed on in eager search through the Straits of
Mussendom. The Portuguese fleet was first sighted by him off the port of Khor Eakan; but
it was much larger than he had been led to anticipate, for it consisted of three galleons, four
barges, six guard-ships, and twelve golletas. The story of the fight that ensued is thus told
by Mitchell from the Turkish of Hajji Khalifa :—
" The Moslems immediately hoisted their colours, weighed anchor, and got in readiness all their warlike
machines. With flags hoisted and sails spread, and looking in confidence to the Supreme Being, they set up
Muhammadan shouts an'd commenced an attack the fierceness of which baffles description. By the favour of God
their fire struck one of the Portuguese galleons, which was wrecked on the Island of Fak-al-Asad. They fought
bravely till nightfall, when the Capudan hoisted the lights. The infidels, however, fired a gun as the signal of
retreat and fled to Hormuz. Thus by the favour of God the victory was left to the Moslems, who, favoured by
the winds, departed next day for the city of Khor Fakan, where the troops took in a supply of fresh water, and
after 17 days' sailing arrived in the neighbourhood of Muscat and Kilhat.
" On the morning of the 26th Earnzan (26th August 1554) the Captain of Goa, the son of the Governor, left
the harbour of Muscat, and with his barges, guard-ships, and galleon, with their mainsails spread and colours
flying, sailed against the Moslems, who, still trusting in God, remained near the shore prepared for battle. The
enemy's barges first came up and attacked the galleys, when a sharp fire was opened on both sides and a furious
engagement ensued. The infidels then began to shower down their hand-grenades from the maintops upon the
galleys, one of which and a barge which was near it they burnt by throwing a bomb into the galley: five
galleys and as many barges were driven ashore and lost. Another barge was driven ashore by the violence with
which the wind beat against it and was lost. At length the sailors and the troops on both sides were exhausted,
the former being unable to pull at the oars and the latter to work the guns any longer : they were obliged there
fore to cast anchor ; but even in this position they fought for some time with springs to the cables. They were
finally obliged to abandon their boats. Elmshah Reis Kara Mustaifa and Kalfat Mumi, the commanders of the
lost galleys, and Durzi Mustaffa Beg, the commander of the volunteers, with about 200 Egyptian soldiers, reached
the shore in safety and afterwards returned to the fleet, bringing with them many Arabs to the assistance of
the Moslems. The infidels also recovered their men who were in the barges which had been driven ashore.
This battle was even greater than that between Khair-ud-Deen and Andrea Doria. Few soldiers are known to
have ever been engaged in such a fight. At last, when night approached, a strong gale began to blow, and each
of the barges threw out two stream anchors; but the men on board were so overcome,with fatigue that they were
obliged to stand out from the shore and sail before the wind. In this way they came to the coast of Bar Jask,
where, finding plenty of sea, they succeeded in reaching Bunder Shahbar in Mekran. Here they took in water,
and by the direction of a pilot reached Bunder Gwadur."
The Turks, in short, were completely defeated, and there was no mincing matters. The
decisive effect of the victory is shown by the fact that they never more confronted the
Portuguese Navy in the Indian Ocean.
Sidi Ali, after some adventures, was wrecked in a storm and had to abandon his vessels at
Surat, from whence he returned to Constantinople overland four years afterwards.
This notable sea-fight took place off Fahil, a rocky islet about 6 miles from Muscat, which
was henceforth called by the Portuguese the " Island of Victory."
About this item
- Content
The volume contains printed copies of Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Administration Reports. The Reports are incomplete (according to the introductory letters and lists of contents). Some of the Reports bear manuscript corrections. The following Reports are represented :
- Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for the Year 1883-84 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1884);
- Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1884-85 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1885);
- Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1885-86 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1886);
- Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1886-87 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1887);
- Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1887-88 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1888);
- Administration Report of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1888-89 (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1889);
- Administration Report of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1889-90 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1890);
- Administration Report of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1890-91 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1891);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1891-92 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1892);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1892-93 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1893);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Muscat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1893-94 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1894);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1894-95 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1895);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1895-96 (Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1896);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1896-97 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1897);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1897-98 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1898);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1898-99 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1899);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1899-1900 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1900);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1900-1901 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1901);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1901-1902 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1902);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1902-1903 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1903);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1903-1904 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1904);
- Administration Report on the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Political Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Maskat Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. for 1904-1905 (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1906).
The Reports include a general summary by the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. (covering the constituent agencies and consulates that made up the Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. , and topics such as the slave trade, piracy, the movements of Royal Navy ships, official appointments, and the weather); meteorological tables; separate reports on Muscat (also referred to as Maskat); reports on trade and commerce; and a number of appendices on special topics, such as supplementary notes on the care and culture of date trees and fruit (Report, 1883-84), historical sketch of the Portuguese in eastern Arabia (Report, 1884-85), notes on a tour through Oman and El-Dhahireh [Al Dhahirah] by Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Barrett Miles (Report, 1885-86), notes on cholera in Persia (Report, 1889-90), report on the cholera epidemic in Maskat, Matrah, and Oman (Report, 1899-1900), and information on individuals and tribes.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (299 folios)
- Arrangement
The Reports are arranged in chronological order from the front to the rear of the volume. There is an introductory letter/table of contents at the front of each Report, but these show that the Reports are not complete.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the foliation system in use commences at 3 on the second folio after the front cover, and continues through to 299 on the back cover. The sequence is written in pencil, enclosed in a circle, and appears in the top right hand corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. page of each folio.
- Written in
- English in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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- Reference
- IOR/R/15/1/709
- Title
- Persian Gulf Administration Reports 1883/84 - 1904/05
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, i-r:i-v, 3r:298v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence