'Persian Gulf Gazetteer, Part I Historical and Political Materials, Précis of Bahrein [Bahrain] Affairs, 1854-1904' [‎2] (21/204)

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some of the Utubi Sheikhs and restore alt Bahrein vessels and property in his
custody, and the A1 Khalifas subsequently remitted 12,000 crowns to Maskat.
6. In 1823 Ramah bin Janbir settled at Damaum and adopted an offensive
attitude towards the A1 Khalifas, but through the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. s mediation
a peace was concluded in April 1824. After a couple of years hostilities again
broke out amongst them.
7. In May 1828 when Mahomed bin Khamis, Sheikh of the Boo Ayen Arabs
residing in £1 Bidaa, was put in confinement by the Utubis for stabbing a
native of Bahrein, his followers displayed symptoms of a refractory spirit, but the
A1 Khalifas destroyed their fort and all the inhabitants were removed to
Ruweis and Fowarah.
8 On the 27th October 1828 His Highness the Sultan of Maskat entered
Bahrein harbour with a view to attack Manama but on ^ 9th November he
was signally defeated by the A1 Khalifas. The following year Sheikh Abdullah
bin Ahmed A1 Khalifa, Chief of Bahrein, adopted an offensive attitude towards
the Imam of Maskat in order to harass him but was not able to do him any
harm save a piracy upon a Morebat vessel. On the 2nd December 1829 a
peace was concluded by them, the terms of which were that neither party was
to interfere with the other and that the A1 Khalifas should pay the annual
tribute to the Imam.
n In 1830 the Wahabi Chief at Riadh called upon Sheik ^i Abdullah bin
Ahmed A1 Khalifa to pay the annual tribute, 40 000 German crowns for the
horses left in his charge years ago. and surrender the fort of Damaum to
Busheerbin Rahmah bin Janbir. The Sheikhs sent a near relative to Riadh
and it was arranged that Bahrein should pay an annual tribute and acknow
ledge the supremacy of Amir Turki bin Saud, who should in return give them
protection. The Utubis, however, doubted the sincerity of the Wahabis.
10. Through the instigation of the Chief of Bahrein the Amair Arabs left
Katif in 1835 and occupied Damaum with a view to blockade Katif.^ The
Sultan of Maskat pledging himself not to interfere in the quarrel, Sheikh
Abdullah refused allegiance to the Wahabis.
11 Being alarmed at the Persian threats and the co -operation of the Imam
with Persia, Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed concluded a treaty with the Wahabis in the
summer of 1836, promising to pay them an annual tribute of $2,000 and they
in return promised that they would give him aid in time of need and not call for
Bahrein vessels when attacking Maskat.
12. In 1839 Omr bin Oofeysan, General of Amir Feysal, obtained protection
at Bahrein on his master's fall. Amir Khalid demanded from Bahrein the
tribute and the surrender of Damaum and Tirhoot, as also of Omr bin Oofeysan,
but the demand was not complied with. At this period Khorshed Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. , an
Egyptian Commodore, informed the British authority of his intention to reduce
Bahrein, but was warned against doing so.
iq . In the same year, Persia again made an attempt to obtain a footing in
the Islands, and despatched an Agent named Haji Kassim with an escort of ten
Sirbazes to reside at Manama and to receive an annual tribute which, however,
was never paid.
14. Notwithstanding his promise to communicate with the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency.
prior to his placing himself under the protection of any foreign power, and
in spite of the encouragement he received from that official to assert his rights
and maintain his independence, Abdullah bin Ahmed A1 Khalifa became a
tributary of the Egyptians. He, however, expressly stipulated that no Agent of
the Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. should live in Bahrein.