"خريطة بلاد فارس، مع مذكرة وفهرس." [و‎‎٥] (٥٧/١٤)

MEMORANDUM ON THE NEW MAR OF PERSIA.
7
(1) This indicates a boundary that has been formally
defined and demarcated: i. e. a boundary which exists in treaty stipu
lations, and is as a rule marked by pillars. Of such a character
are (a) the Perso-Russian frontier in the north-west, to Astara on the
Caspian; (6) the Perso-Russian frontier as regulated by the Akhal-
Khorasan treaty of 1881, from Hasan Kuli Bay in the Caspian to Lutfa-
bad, on the Transcaspian Railway ; (c) the Perso-Afghan or Seistan
frontier, fixed by Sir F. Goldsmid in 1872, from the Hamuns to the
Kuh Malek-i-Siah; (d) the Perso-Beluch or Mekran frontier, as fixed
by the same officer and demarcated by the late Sir 0. St. John, at the
same time, from south of Kuhak to the sea at Gwetter ; (e) outside
Persia—the Russo-Afghan frontier, from Zulfikar on the Heri Rud to
Bosaga on the Oxus, fixed by the Anglo-Russian Commission in 1885-7.
(2) . - . . - . . - . Boundaries nominally defined but not uni
formly demarcated. The solitary instance of this is the long frontier
line of 700 miles between Persia and Turkey, from Mount Ararat to the
Shat-el-Arab, which was roughly determined by an Anglo-Russian
Commission, after labours that were spread over a period of more than
twenty years (1843-65), as existing somewhere within a strip of territory
varying from 20 to 40 miles in width, the actual line to be determined
by the two Governments implicated, either by agreement or by force as
they pleased. In some cases one, in others the other agency has been em
ployed ; with the result of frequent squabbles and general lack of precision.
(3) Hypothetical boundaries, i. e. boundaries which more
or less exist, and are more or less recognised, either by custom or
because of physical conditions, but the acceptance of which has either
never been made, or is not publicly known to have been made, the
subject of diplomatic agreement between the powers concerned. To
this class belong : (a) the Perso-Russian frontier in North-east Khorasan
from Lutfabad to Sarakhs, and up the Tejend to Zulfikar, which is
alleged to have been determined by secret treaty, but appears more
probably to have been left open, so as to justify future Russian en
croachments ; (5) the Perso-Afghan frontier from Zulfikar to the Seistan
Hamuns (c) the Perso-Beluch frontier from Jalk to Kuhak—nominally
fixed by Goldsmid and St. John, but never demarcated and constantly
fluctuating ; (d) outside Persia—the Afghan-Beluch frontier from the