"لجنة بلاد الرافدين. تقرير اللجنة المُعينة بموجب قانون البرلمان للتحقيق في عمليات الحرب في بلاد الرافدين، بالإضافة إلى تقرير خاص أعده القائد ج. ويدجوود، الحاصل على وسام الخدمة المتميزة، وعضو البرلمان، وملاحق. لندن: مكتب الأدوات القرطاسية الملكية، ١٩١٧." [و‎‎٢‎٥] (٢٤٨/٤٩)

PART IX.—TRANSPORT.
47
A. Shortage of River Transport.
therefore, cannot be relied on, although practicable with difficulties during part of the
year. Just above Kurna are what may be-called the Straits, where the passage of the
river at all times is difficult, and particularly so at the season of low river. One witness
—Commander Huddlestone, R.I.M., writes in an appendix to his evidence :—
The river between Kurna and Amara is roughly very narrow—some 85 to 250 feet broad—with real
hairpin corners, and very shallow, and a very strong current, some 3 to 6 knots. The banks are from 3 to
5 feet high, and the bend so sharp that the advance of the vessel coming down, notwithstanding the helm,
sends her—or rather, her barges* right smack against the banks. If she has not got barges she goes
against them herself. The result is not so bad at this time of the year, as would be expected, because
the bank gives way, and the vessel or barge bounds off again, cannons against the other side, and proceeds,
and repeats the performance some two or three times an hour, sometimes more, sometimes less. In
summer, when the banks are hard, the damage done to vessels and barges is immense, and even now they
do a considerable amount of damage to themselves, and so, in designing vessels, I give you what I think
are the chief points to be borne in mind :—
(1) Draught should not exceed 3 feet 6 inches for steamers, and 3 feet for barges.
(2) Length should not exceed 212 feet for steamers, and 170 feet for barges.
(3) The steamers should be made of steel, with independent paddles.
10 . Another witness, Commander Hamilton, R.I.M., stated in Ins evidence :—
I doubt if steamers really suitable for the Tigris exist anywhere, especially as troop-ships. So the only ones
that we can call really satisfactory (other than Lynch’s), will be the ones specially built, or building, in England
to our design on Lynch’s pattern. It is the shallow draught required, combined with the necessary size of
vessel and horsepower which renders any ready-made ones from other parts of the world more or less, and in
many cases quite, unsuitable. It must be remembered that the Tigris in the low-river season (a normal low-
river season) is, after all, only a glorified ditch in many parts. It is not yet fully realised by the Army, I think,
that last low-river season (August to March, 1915), was abnormally high. The result was that the compara
tively deep-draught steamers (about 5 feet actually), which we received from Burma were actually able to run
regularly right up to the front during all the low seasons. We had stipulated, and still stipulate, that 3 feet
6 inches is the standard safe draught for that river in low season. It is so normally, but the Army have got
so used to seeing the deeper-draught ones going successfully that I feel rather anxious about the outlook should
the river take it into its head to fall as low, as it can do on occasions. Should it do so, I fear a large part of
our ready-made imported fleet of paddlers would be out of action, as most of them are much over 3 feet 6 inches
when loaded. . . It has been found by experience (Lynch Bros, records), that it is not worth risking a draught
of over about 3 feet 6 inches in the low river. ^ Besides which paddle-steamers “ settle ’’ 7 or 8 inches when moving
in such shallow water, so that they always require several inches more water than their stationary draught
would lead one to suppose.
Above the Kurna Straits navigation is easier as far as Kut, except for some shallow
patches. Above that point the river is again difficult, and 3 feet 6 inches is the maximum
draught suitable. It is evident from all the information before us, that to rely on the
deeper draught vessels being able to navigate the river above Kurna at all times of the
year was to take a great risk, and what this risk might involve it is not difficult to picture.
17. In our opinion General Nixon was perfectly right in insisting that the maximum
draught of vessels supplied to him should not exceed 3 feet 6 inches, but he might have
made it more clear to the authorities in India that, failing these, he could make use of
deeper draught steamers during part of the year and during all the year on certain stretches
of the river. On the other hand, General Nixon does not appear to have appreciated
at an early stage in the operations that such vessels as he required were not obtainable
ready-made, and would have to be specially built. The result was that demands were sent
forward embodying cast-iron conditions which could not all be fulfilled by ready-made
vessels, while the authorities in India showed little appreciation of General Nixon’s
difficulties, and were not very helpful in suggesting substitutes, many of which, it was
afterwards found, were available, although not in all respects suitable. It was only on
July 10 th, 1915, that General Nixon sent forward General Kemball's survey of the
situation, and recommended the building of steamers, tugs and barges suitable for the
river. These could not reasonably have been expected to be available for use before the
middle of 1916, and, as a matter of fact, they were not ready until later.
18. In making the advance from Kurna to Kut (a distance by river of 243 miles),
we are of opinion that General Nixon took great risk ( 1 ) on account of the inadequacy
of his river transport as a whole, and ( 2 ) on account of the inability of a large portion of
it to navigate the river above Kurna in a normal low-water season. Our opinion in regard
to this is even stronger when we come to consider the advance from Kut towards Baghdad,
because, first, the river above Kut is shallow, secondly, the distance from the base is
greater (an additional difficulty if river transport above Kut was to be relied on), and
thirdly, General Nixon by that time knew of the large reinforcements which he was to
* Which are attached to her on either side.