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'File 9/1 Institution of Reforms & Sunni opposition intrigues' [‎207r] (430/504)

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The record is made up of 1 volume (241 folios). It was created in 10 Apr 1922-19 Oct 1930. It was written in English and Arabic. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .

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for the next four yourc. So fax, fer reasons which arc well
known te yeu, a progrtowme has never "been contemplated either
for CucteuiD or any other/department, ami the Customs has
suffered for the lack of one, The most important objects
appear to mo to be a crane, an extension of the pier and
trolly line f and more shoft accommodation• The question of
finance I will go into later, only remarking thatthe pier
tax specially sanctionoe to repay the cost of the original
pier, has been i:ept on and devoted to other uses, and many
thousand rupees Indian silver coin also widely used in the Persian Gulf. have been received under this head that have
not been devoted to the object for which it was collected.
5. The most oeriouo criticism that can be levelled
against the expenditure of tLo past fev/ years is that practi-
-©ally none of it 9 even including the sea read or electric
light expenditure has been productive expenditure . The
Islands do not earn a penny more because there is a sea
road, and the day for the industrial use of electricity in
Bahrain will net dawn for seme time. On the other hand,
had a bold agrarian policy been undertaken, some 10,000
persons might have been settled on the land. The appointment
of an agricultural export cannot be any longer delayed, and
the sooner artesian wolls are sunk on land belonging to
Government, the sooner an alternative and permanent income
oan be assured to the State, provided always that the rapaciou
al-Khalifa oan eurb their land hunger.
6, Our eduoation policy has alse been one of fits
and starts, and wo have Xittlo to show for a very large
expenditure of money. I will deal with this separately in
another letter, but as regards the future X think we should
work for a small ana well conducted secondary school, and
give up the iaea of sending boys away from their homes.
7. We are committed to the Manama-Muharraq sea
road and the sooner it is finished the better since it bars
all other capital expenditure. Both for this and the Customs
pier, there is only one plan suitable, and that is a loan
at the first favourable opportunity. The Stat© security is
amule

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Content

The first part of the volume (folios 2 to 146) covers the period 1922 to 1927, and concerns proposals for reforms in the Sheikhdom of Bahrain, and their subsequent implementation and impact on the kingdom. This part of the volume contains letters exchanged between the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. in Bahrain (Major Clive Daly until September 1926, thereafter Major Cyril Barrett) and the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. (Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Trevor or the Acting Resident Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart Knox until April 1924, thereafter Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Prideaux), and the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. and the Foreign Secretary of the Government of India. British officials discussed proposals for economic and political reforms in Bahrain, with particular attention paid to tax changes intended to redress the imbalance between what Bahrain's Sunnis and Shias were obliged to pay. Also discussed were the financial reorganisation of the customs house and regulation of the pearl diving industry, reform of the Bahrain judicial system, land registration and revenues, and the institution of a Levy Corps force. British officials also discussed the relationships between themselves and between members of the al Khalifa ruling family, in particular Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa and his son Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. The abdication or removal of Isa, and the installation of Hamad, are discussed at length.

The last part of the volume (folio 147 onwards) spans the period 1929-1930, and is chiefly comprised of correspondence between the Bahrain Agent (Colonel Geoffrey Prior), Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. (Barrett to November 1929, thereafter Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Biscoe) and officials from the Government of India. This part of the volume concerns fears on the part of the Government of India that Britain is too heavily involved in Bahrain, and asks questions of whether the number of British officials in Bahrain can be reduced. Included are two lengthy reports by Prior and Barrett in June and August 1929 respectively (folios 147-162, 165-185) outlining Britain's historic intervention in Bahrain, and stressing the importance of its continued presence.

Extent and format
1 volume (241 folios)
Arrangement

The volume's contents have been arranged in approximate chronological order, starting with the earliest items at the front and finishing with the latest items at the end.

Physical characteristics

Foliation: The foliation sequence begins on the front cover and finishes on the back cover, using circled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio. A second foliation sequence is also present between ff 2-118; these numbers are written in blue crayon, circled and can be found in the same position as the main sequence. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E and 1F; 137A and 137B.

The following folios are fold-outs: 17-18, 51-52, 64-65, 86, 106-107, 221 and 227.

The volume is tightly bound to the extent that the text on some items disappears into the gutter, making it difficult to read.

Written in
English and Arabic in Latin and Arabic script
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'File 9/1 Institution of Reforms & Sunni opposition intrigues' [‎207r] (430/504), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/127, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023321444.0x00001f> [accessed 1 February 2025]

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