"العراق والخليج الفارسي" [و‎‎١‎٥‎١] (٨٦٢/٣٠٦)

Patesi might master several cities and rule them as Lugal or king.
A-Anni-Pada of Ur about 3100 b.c. and Ur-Nina of Lagash, about
3000, are the earliest known rulers. Somewhat later Eannadu of
Lagash was a great military leader who made his city paramount over
Umma and Kish, Erech and Ur, defeated Akshak, and drove out an
incursion of Elamite tribesmen. The last king of Lagash, Urukagina,
was notable as a civil administrator, preventing corruption, reforming
taxation, codifying and improving laws. After him the power of
Lagash was overthrown by Lugal Zaggisi of Umma and of Erech
(c. 2500) who was supreme throughout Sumer and much of Akkad,
Tigris, to the Upper Sea (i.e. Mediterranean)’. This was the begin-
powers ruling in Mesopotamia in the following millennia. Mari, 1
a Sumerian town near Hit on the Euphrates, and Rapiqu nearer
Falluja, were outposts linking Syria with Babylonia.
Sarrukin of Akkad. After Lugal Zaggisi the hegemony of southern
Mesopotamia passed from the Sumerians to the Semites of Akkad.
Sarrukin (2528-2473), king of Agade and Kish, took Lugal Zaggisi
captive and became master of the Sumerian cities of Erech and Ur.
His power extended to the Upper Sea, to the ‘Cedar Forest’ of
Lebanon and the ‘Silver Mountains’ of the Taurus, and he made
his arm felt in Elam. Later Babylonian chroniclers, who knew him
of the Four Quarters of the World.
End of Sumer. After 2370 the power of Akkad weakened and the
mountaineers of Guti overran the land, until native supremacy was
restored by the Third Dynasty of Ur (2277-2170). Dungi or Shulgi,
second of the line, who took the new title of ‘King of Sumer and
Akkad’, extended his influence as far as Naram-Sin had done. These
kings were not Akkadians but Sumerians, and resisted the growing
influence of Akkad. The last of them was carried away captive by