"سرد لرحلة إلى موقع مدينة بابل في ١٨١١، طُبعت الآن لأول مرة: مذكرات على الأطلال؛ مع نقوش من الخرائط المدبئية للمؤلف: ملاحظات على طبوغرافية بابل القديمة،بقلم الرائد رينيل؛ في إشارة إلى المذكرات: مذكرات ثانية على الأطلال؛ في إشارة إلى ملاحظات الرائد رينيل: مع سرد لرحلة إلى برسبوليس: طُبعت الآن لأول مرة، مع كتابات مسمارية نسخت في برسبوليس ولم تُنشر من قبل: كتبها الراحل كلوديوس جيمس ريتش، المحترم، المقيم البريطاني السابق لشركة الهند الشرقية في بغداد. حررته أرملته." [‎١‎٦‎١] (٤٧٤/٢٤٩)

RUINS OF BABYLON.
the opinion I have expressed. I will take for an
example the modern town of Arbil, which has an
artificial mount at least as large as the Mujelibe,
and much higher. This mount, which is of the
highest antiquity, and probably existed in the days
of Alexander, has been crowned by a succession of
castles in different ages. The present is a Turkish
building, and contains within its walls (as the
others doubtless did) a portion of the town, con
sisting of two mahallas or parishes: the remainder
of the town is situated at the foot of the mount, and
would, if abandoned, in a few years leave not a
single vestige behind. Precisely the same observa
tion holds good of the still more considerable city
and castle of Kerkook. We may therefore, I pre
sume, safely decide, that in no case is there the
slightest reason to confound the ruins of A1 Nee!,
whatever that place may have been, with the re
mains on the eastern side of the Euphrates, and
which I have ventured to call the Palace of Babylon.
I am aware that some people may at first possibly
conceive a hasty idea that A1 Neel is the town
whose existence was supposed by Major Rennell, in
order to remove the obstacles to his theory of the
change in the course of the river. In the former
part of this Memoir I have shown the impossibility
of buildings being placed in mounds which are
themselves decayed buildings. It is, besides, out of
the question to suppose that a town of a size suffi
cient to require an inclosure like that which I
M