"تقرير إداري عن المقيمية السياسية في الخليج العربي والوكالة السياسية في مسقط عن الفترة ١٨٨٤-١٨٨٥." [و‎‎٢‎١] (١٣٠/٣٧)

EESIDENCY AND MUSCAT POLITICAL AGENCY FOE 1884-85.
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The Turks could now no longer conceal from themselves the evident superiority of the
Portuo-uese at sea; their efforts against them hitherto, so far from breaking up the Portuguese
power, had had, on the contrary, the effect of extending its prestige. Had the Turks been
able to foresee more clearly the dire results in the future to their empire from the change in
the course of trade effected by the Portuguese they would doubtless have put forth the utmost
of their strength in the East and combined with the Asiatics to expel their rivals from
India.
Being then in the plenitude of their strength, they might thus possibly have kept
Europeans out of the Indian Ocean for many a year to come. The battle of Lepanto had not
yet been fought, and the Turks were still supposed to be invincible at sea in Europe; but not
even the genius of Suliman the Great, who now reigned at Stamboul, seems to have grasped
the vital importance to himself of crushing the Portuguese enterprise in the East. He struck
one final blow at them, however, before relinquishing the contest and leaving the Portuguese
to enjoy the fruits of their discoveries and monopoly. It so happened that this final struggle
was also the most hardly contested and decisive sea fights in which the Turks had till then
been engaged. It foreshadowed the disasters of Lepanto, and is descubed by the Turkish
historian as a greater affair than the battle between Barbarossa and the allied fleet under the
Spanish Admiral Andrea Doria, fought off Prevesa in the Mediterranean in 1538.
The remainder of Moorad's ill-fated squadron formed the nucleus of the new fleet, the
organization and command of which were entrusted by Sultan Suliman to the Capudan of
Egypt, Sidi Ali-bin-Hoosain. At the close of the year 1553, having arrived at Basra by way of
Aleppo and Mosul, Sidi Ali at once commenced his preparations, and in July 1554 set sail from
Basra. The Grovernor of this city, Mustapha Pasha, who had been despatched by the Porte with
a frigate to Hormuz, had informed the Capudan Sidi Ali that the infidels had only four ships,
and the Capudan, expecting an easy conquest, pressed on in eager search through the Straits of
Mussendom. The Portuguese fleet was first sighted by him off the port of Khor Eakan; but
it was much larger than he had been led to anticipate, for it consisted of three galleons, four
barges, six guard-ships, and twelve golletas. The story of the fight that ensued is thus told
by Mitchell from the Turkish of Hajji Khalifa :—
" The Moslems immediately hoisted their colours, weighed anchor, and got in readiness all their warlike
machines. With flags hoisted and sails spread, and looking in confidence to the Supreme Being, they set up
Muhammadan shouts and commenced an attack the fierceness of which baffles description. By the favour of God
their fire struck one of the Portuguese galleons, which was wrecked on the Island of Fak-al-Asad. They fought
bravely till nightfall, when the Capudan hoisted the lights. The infidels, however, fired a gun as the signal of
" retreat and fled to Hormuz. Thus by the favour of God the victory was left to the Moslems, who, favoured by
the winds, departed next day for the city of Khor Fakan, where the troops took in a supply of fresh water, and
after 17 days' sailing arrived in the neighbourhood of Muscat and Kilhat.
" On the morning of the 26th Ramzan (26th August 1554) the Captain of Goa, the son of the Governor, left
the harbour of Muscat, and with his barges, guard-ships, and galleon, with their mainsails spread and colours
flying, sailed against the Moslems, who, still trusting in God, remained near the shore prepared for battle. The
enemy's barges first came up and attacked the galleys, when a sharp fire was opened on both sides and a furious
engagement ensued. The infidels then began to shower down their hand-grenades from the maintops upon the
galleys, one of which and a barge which was near it they burnt by throwing a bomb into the galley: five
-alleys and as many barges were driven ashore and lost. Another barge was driven ashore by the violence with
which the wind beat against it and was lost. At length the sailors and the troops on both sides were exhausted,
the former being unable to pull at the oars and the latter to work the guns any longer : they were obliged there-
fore to cast anchor ; but even in this position they fought for some time with springs to the cables. They were
finallv obliged to abandon their boats. Elmshah Reis Kara Mustaffa and Kalfat Mumi, the commanders of the
lost galleys, and Durzi Mustaffa Beg, the commander of the volunteers, with about 200 Egyptian soldiers, reached
the shore in safety and afterwards returned to the fleet, bringing with them many Arabs to the assistance of
the Moslems The infidels also recovered their men who were in the barges which had been driven ashore.
This battle was even greater than that between Khair-ud-Deen and Andrea Doria. Few soldiers are known to
have ever been engaged in such a fight. At last, when night approached, a strong gale began to Wow and each
of the barges threw out two stream anchors; but the men on board were so overcome with fatigue that they were
obliged to stand out from the shore and sail before the wind. In this way they came to the coast of Bar Jask,
w here, finding plenty of sea, they succeeded in reaching Bander Shahbar in Mekran. Here they took in water,
and by the direction of a pilot reached Bunder Gwadur."
The Turks, in short, were completely defeated, and there was no mincing matters. The
decisive effect of the victory is shown by the fact that they never more confronted the
Portuguese Navy in the Indian Ocean.
Sidi Ali, after some adventures, w^as wrecked in a storm and had to abandon his vessels at
Surat, from whence he returned to Constantinople overland four years afterwards.
This notable sea-fight took place off Fahil, a rocky islet about 6 miles from Muscat, which
was henceforth called by the Portuguese the ff Island of Victory."