"دليل الخليج. مجلد I. القسم التاريخي. الأجزاء Iأ و Iب. ج.ج. لوريمر ١٩١٥" [‎١‎٤‎٨‎٧] (١٧٨٢/١٦٥٠)

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unfruitful, German military and financial advisers were engaged, and
British officers were obtained for the reorganisation of the Gendarmerie;
but no real amelioration of the prevailing conditions was observable.
Egyptian affairs, though prominent from 1879 to 1«82, including
the deposition of the Khedive Ismail, the establishment of a temporary
Anglo -French condominium in Egypt, the revolt of 'Arabi Pasha, and
the British occupation of Egypt, did not greatly affect the political life
of the Ottoman Empire. More important to Turkey were the establish
ment in 1881 of a Public Debt Department, under international control,
which placed her relations with her external creditors on a sound basis,
and " the bloodless revolution of Philippopolis," which resulted m the
fusion of Eastern Roumelia with Bulgaria.
From 1890 onwards Turkey became a prey to troubles which were
mostly of a semi-external, semi-internal character. Crete was disturbed ;
and Cretan affairs led in 1897 to a war between Turkey and Greece, m
which Turkey was easily victorious and obtained a modification of the
common frontier besides an indemnity of £1 ,000,000, while Greek
subjects were deprived of extra-territorial privileges which they had till
then enjoyed in Turkey. In 1898 four of the powers with which Crete
had been placed en depot appointed Prince George of Greece to govern
the island as Chief Commissioner.
in Armenian* revolt in the antninn of 1894 was quelled with extreme
rigour; and a scheme for an Armenian settlement proposed by Britain
France and Russia was checkmated hy widespread massacres of
Armenians throughout Asia Minor in 189B, in which it was estimated
that 200,000 persons perished. A massacre of 3.000 Armenians, no
entirely unprovoked, occurred at Constantinople m 1896.
The relations of the Turkish Government with their Muhammadan
subjects were also, in places, unhappy : after 1892 there were frequent
insurrections in Yaman and constant troubles in Albania.
By 1903 the state of Macedonia bad become such as to necessitate
the adoption by Austria and Russia of a joint programme of reforms for
that province but in its application, this programme was meffectua .
There was also occasional friction between Turkey and foreign powers.
In 1901 a brief occupation by France of Mitylene was leqmrc in or er
* Already in 1878 the Armenian question had begun to make its appearance. A rt ic, « 6 1
.1 iteTXt Bern. W- the Forte to ^
to protect the Armenian,, against the Circassians and the Ku.de, and to lepo .t prog
periodically to the Powers
.. n ■