'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎483] (570/905)

chap. xix.]
fortifications.
483
gallery, open towards the interior, surrounds the whole. The Supply of
Serai, once the Konak of the same Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. , is a high castellated water '
keep, on which are mounted several guns; and it is situated in
rear of the north land front: to this is joined the Harim,
which, like the other part of the structure, has a high tower
near the extremity, to serve as a place of retreat. The streets
of the town are numerous and narrow ; and, in 1830, Acre
had the cleanliness of a western city ; no camel, dog, or other
animal being permitted to pass the inner ditch. The town
was amply supplied with water, partly from cisterns and partly
from the lowest slopes of the mountains, about four miles to
the north-east; being brought by a conduit, on which, at
short intervals, were towers, like those between Belgrade and
Constantinople. Scarcely two miles further, towards the
north-east, is the country-house of Abdu-llah, the former
Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. ; which is prettily situated in the midst of gardens,
and is remarkable for a mixture of Chinese, Turkish, and
European architecture. At 1200 yards eastward of the town
is the celebrated Cour de Lion Mount, on which Napoleon,
and, subsequently, Ibrahim Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. , caused some works to be
constructed.
The fortress of Acre covers a tongue of land running south- J^eof the
westward into the sea, and its defences form an irregular en
pentagon, with two fronts towards the land; the three others,
which follow the contour of the peninsula, being washed by
the sea.
These consist almost entirely of a single escarp, from 27 The ramparts,
feet to 31 feet high; with 81 guns, 13 mortars, and 9 how
itzer guns, or 103 pieces of ordnance in all, to command the
approach ; but the works are altogether defective with respect
to flanking fire, and they are exposed to be enfiladed, especially
the long front facing the west. The two land fronts have
double, escarped, enceintes, which are separated by a dry ditch.
The inner enceinte consists of an ordinary loop-holed Turkish
wall, from 35 feet to 40 feet high, flanked by towers, and
forming a salient angle as it crosses the peninsula. The
shorter side runs nearly north from the bay for a distance ot
400 yards, when the longer makes with it a right angle, by
J 3 q 2