'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎396] (475/905)

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affluents of the orontes. [chap. xvii.
'Umk, and it is formed by the meeting of several streams, of
AgaDenghis, which the most considerable is the Upper Kara Su. This
or White Sea. ^ tw0 principal sources, both of which are in the out
lying hills of the Amanus, viz., the Chatal Chai and the
Kara Su or Yaghrah, which unite in the plain below; from
thence the trunk continues with a south-westerly course,
carrying a considerable body of water, till through a marsh
it enters the northern extremity of the lake, previously re
ceiving, at Murad Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. , an abundant stream, almost hidden
by reeds, called the Gul Bushi (Head of the Lake). At the
eastern extremity is the river Afrin (probably the Uprenus
of the ancients), which also has two sources in the abut
ments of the Amanus westward of Kilis; from thence it flows
southward, passing a little way to the south of Gindarus, and
proceeding in the same direction to Jebel Sheikh Barakat,
near which it makes a sweep westward through a fine pasture-
country, and finally enters the lake with a body of water
which, even in summer, has a width in some places of nearly
200 yards. Two inferior streams flow W.N.W. through the
plain of'Umk, and also enter the lake on its eastern side.
Its extent and The sheet of water formed by these different affluents has
depth. the shape of a parallelogram, which extends west-south-west
from the Upper Kara Su for about seven miles to the Lower
Kara Su; and again from the foot of the Beilan Mountains
eastward for about 20 miles to the Afrin and the other affluents
above noticed; but during the seasons of floods it covers a
much greater extent. At the western side the lake has a
depth of six or eight feet, which is reduced to three or four feet
along the three other sides where it is marshy ; it is, however,
navigated by the flat boats of the country, which, by the use
of poles instead of oars, traverse it in every direction with
cargoes of merchandise, and especially fish. The supply of
the latter is quite as abundant as that w T hich is obtained
from Lake Taka on the Upper Orontes; and the black or cat
fish, 1 about two feet long, are so plentiful, that when cured
they afford a cheap supply to the whole of the Aleppo Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. -
1 The Macropleronotus niger.