'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎391] (468/905)

CHAP. XVII.]
MOUNT CARMEL.
391
southward of the former, the shapeless groups of Jebel-ed-
Duhy, 1 with the naked peaks of Mount Gilboa. This range, Giiboa, and
after taking, for a time, a south-westerly direction with an of sTmaria.'" 8
elevation of about 1100 feet above the plain, sends one line of
groups towards Samaria, whilst others, also wooded, are pro
longed by Jezreel, and onward in a north-westerly direction
till they terminate with the shrub-clad Jebel Mar Elyas, or
Mount Carmel, which rises to a height of about 1200 feet at
the southern extremity of the Bay of Acre. Two parallel
ridges, or rather a rocky upland, may be said to prolong the
mountains from Gilboa southward to the borders of Arabia
Petrea. This mass is frequently broken by longitudinal
or transverse valleys; the latter generally tending east and
west; and one of these, the Wadi A seasonal or intermittent watercourse, or the valley in which it flows. Suleiman, which may be
said to divide the mass into two equal portions, runs in the
lattter direction nearly in the latitude of Jericho. The
northern or higher part of the ridge first shows the groups
of Samaria, Jebel-el-Tur (Mount Gerizim), and afterwards
Mount Ebal, whose rocky ridges partly enclose the town of
Nabulus, and are crowned with ruins at an elevation of about
900 feet above the base. 2
Again, further south, the mountains of Ephraim continue Valley of Merj
in the same line till the three parallel ridges of rock and Ib "
the intervening cultivated valleys are broken by the valley
above mentioned; which afterwards takes the name of Merj
Ibn Omeir, and is prolonged westward to Akir or Ekron. 3
From this place a lower ridge or offset-range curves round to
Ludd (Lydda), and from thence it runs northward till it
joins the principal range near Samaria; whilst on the eastern
side a range of steep bluff hills, nearly of equal elevation, occa
sionally pierced by Wadis running eastward, but elsewhere
having precipitous flanks, enclose the valley of the Jordan as
far as Jericho. Southward of these the hills assume an arid,
desolate appearance, which increases as they advance along
the western shore of the Dead Sea, towards the extremity of
1 The little Hermon of Dr. Robinson. Travels, vol. III., p. 111.
8 MS. notes by Lieut.-Colonel M'Niven.
3 Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches, &c., vol. III., pp. 22, 23.