'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎364] (439/905)

364
COMMERCIAL ROUTES.
[CHAP. XVI.
islands, and numerous bays and harbours, with easy caravan
routes leading from thence to every part of the interior.
Syri^west" t ^ le sout ^ l " eastern extremity of the peninsula a caravan
ward. route passes from Syria by the way of Ain-tab and Mar'ash
into the central districts about Ka'isariyeh; there is another,
more westward, proceeding in the same direction, from Adanah
and Tarsus. Again, a route strikes into the interior from the
harbour of Kelendri, passing through Mout and Koniyeh;
and a little further there is another going northward from
the well-known commercial port of Adaliah, through the
JaTafd" 7 ™ 0pium districts ' t0 Kutahiyah. At this place the routes from
Smyrna, and other points on the western coast, meet that of
Constantinople, and proceed eastward through Angora to
Sivas. By means of a military road through Amasiyah and
Tokat, Sivas has the advantage of receiving goods in 17 days
from the port of Samsun; and likewise of commanding open
ings into Armenia, Persia, Kurdistan, Syria, and Mesopotamia.
The first of these routes takes an east-north-easterly direction
to Erz-Rum, where it meets the ancient and now important
line from Tarabuzun, and afterwards proceeds by Bayazid
Khoii and Tabriz into the heart of Persia. The next, south
ward, passes through Divrfgi to Mush, Van, &c.: the third is
that which runs towards Syria and Arabia, and which has
already been noticed; and the fourth keeps nearly a south
easterly direction, by Malatfyah, Diyar Bekr, Mardin, Mosul,
and Baghdad to Basrah. The last only requires a good road,
with a little encouragement in other respects, to become im
portant to our commerce, since along it, there is a succession of
large towns m a tract of country which, in addition to its many
natural resources, has the advantage of a steam communica
tion at one extremity with India, and at the other with
Eu r C from f ur T : the iril P orts from the latter to the interior, through
kamsun, in the course of 4 months, in 1888, were 2480
packages, and the returns were 4850 packages of goods for
shipment. 1 Tarabuzun, however, promises to be the success-
phicaUournar' 8 &C '' VoL X> Part IIL ' 443 > ° f the Royal Geogra-