"ملاحظات اللورد كرزون عن بلاد فارس" [ظ‎‎٥‎٧‎٧] (١٣٨٦/١١٥٦)

2 SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
manifest. By the most rapid means then in existence it took nearly
three months to get answers to communications passing between London
and Calcutta—a time more than sufficient for the loss of an empire.
The line chosen for the projected telegraph was naturally that of the
Overland Route. This involved the laying of long submarine cables in
the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. The failure of
the first Atlantic cable had, however, so disheartened the public that
submarine cables were regarded as investments of too hazardous a nature
to be undertaken by prudent people without special guarantees. Unaided
private enterprise could consequently not be expected to undertake the
great risk of a telegraph line to India, more especially of the portions in
the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In the Mediterranean a beginning
had already been made by a private company whose cable from Marseilles
to Malta it was hoped would be extended to Alexandria. Following the
system adopted in the case of the Indian railways, the Red Sea portion
was constructed and laid in 1859, with a Government guarantee of 5 per
cent, shared equally between the Imperial and the Indian Treasuries.
The cable, however, had barely fulfilled the conditions required by the
terms of the guarantee when it collapsed, leaving the British and Indian
Exchequers burdened until the present day, and for some years yet to
come, with an annual payment of £18,000 each. Shortly afterwards, viz.
in 1861, the Mediterranean Company laid a short-lived cable from Malta
vid Tripoli and Benghazi to Alexandria.
Warned by the costly failure of the Red Sea route, the Government
of India turned their attention to the Persian Gulf. With the aid of the
British detachment, who had charge of the telegraphs established in
Turkey for military purposes during the Crimean war, the Turkish
Government had shortly before this time erected a line from Constanti
nople across Asia Minor and down the valley of the Tigris to Baghdad.
This line, it was thought, might by arrangement with the Turkish
Government, be extended to the head of the Persian Gulf, and a cable
be laid thence to the most western point which could practically be
reached from India by a land line along the coast of Beluchistan.
Negotiations were accordingly opened at Constantinople with a view to
the accomplishment of this project, and a careful survey of the bottom of
the Persian Gulf was ordered to be made. The general direction of the
scheme was placed in the hands of the late Colonel Patrick Stewart, R.E.,
C.B., a most distinguished officer, who had already given signal proof of
remarkable energy and capacity while in charge of the field telegraphs
during the Sepoy war. The negotiations at Constantinople resulted
after some time in a convention which provided for the erection, with
British assistance, of a line from Baghdad vid Busreh to Fao, at the mouth
of the Shat el Arab or united Tigris and Euphrates. Colonel (now Sir)
Frederic Goldsmid, then Collector of Karachi, was instructed to proceed
along the coast of Beluchistan to ascertain the exact political condition
of each district, and to make arrangements by subsidies or otherwise,
with the local chiefs for the protection of the proposed land line. This
task—thanks to tact and diplomatic skill—he successfully accomplished,
and in accordance with his report it was decided to construct a line from