"دليل بلاد فارس، المجلد I ويشمل محافظات أستراباد، شاهرود-بوستان، خراسان، وسيستان" [و‎‎١‎٥‎١] (٧٢٢/٣٠٦)

summit covered with fields of snow, across which the path leads. The-
ascent from the Mashhad side is by a fairly good path, and takes one
hour and five minutes from the Pai Grudar sarai, which lies at the foot
of a great bluff, where the defile branches to the left and right. From
the summit of the ridge both the Mashhad plain and city and the
Nishapur plain and city, with many villages, can be seen. The descent
is due west by a very steep and stony pass down into a deep and dark
defile.— [^Bellew.)
KOTAL-I-PACHINlR, or TAPA-I-SALAM*—Lat. , Long.
Elev. b
A pass in Khurasan over the Binaluh mountains to the west of Mashhad.
From this pass the first glimpse of the holy city and its shrine is caught by
the pilgrims travelling thither by the Dibrud road, and its summit is
crowned with tall cairns formed of the stones piled up by them to commemo
rate the event.— ( Goldsmid.)
KOTAL-I-SH AIKH AN A—Lat. 37° 18' 0", Long. 57° 19' (T; Elev.
A pass in the Bujnurd district of Khurasan, about 14 miles south of Bujnurd,
on the road to Isfaram. It is not practicable for animals during four
months in the winter.— [Napier.)
KOTAL ISTAKANCHIL—Lat. , Long. ; Elev.
A pass in Khurasan, crossed at the end of the second stage of the route
from Sarakhs to 'Kuhsan. It is practicable for guns. Here is abund
ance of water, fuel, and forage.— [MacGregor.)
KOTAL-I-SURKHANI— Lat. , Long. ; Elev.
A pass in Khurasan, about 20 miles from Kuchan, on the road to Sabzawar.
The road over the pass is bad and 2 miles in length.— [MacGregor.)
KOTAL-I-TAKHT-I-BASHKAR— Lat. , Long. ;
Elev.
A very high pass in Khurasan, between the Aladagh and Salik moun
tains. It was crossed by the Russian Consul Bakulin in a wheeled car
riage on the road from Bujnurd to Tavar.— [Petrusevitc/i.)
KOTAL-I-TIRGAUN— Lat. , Long. ; Elev.
A pass in Khurasan crossed on the road from Kalat-i-Nadiri to Haraghaz,
at about 27 miles from the former. The ascent from the Kalat side
takes about one-and-half hours by a road, at first easy though stony, but
afterwards getting gradually worse and worse, till near the top the road
ascends by a very steep stony zigzag tract to the summit. It then
descends for one-and-a-half hours, at first quite as bad as the ascent, but then
gradually improving to an encampment of Kurds, near a spring of good
water; whence to the village of Tirgaun is one-and-a-half miles.-—
[MacGregor.)
KOTAL-I-TURBARAZ —Lat. , Long. ; Elev.
A pass in Khurasan, about 11 miles out of Mashhad, on the road to Msha-
pui \—[War Office Report on Persia, Part II, Route 262.)
KOTAL-I-WAJMANTJ— Lat. , Long. ; Elev.
A pass crossed between Shahrud and Astarabad, 19 miles from the former.
Ascent from Shahrud 1 mile and steep. [Napier.)
KOT AL-I-Z ARDAWA —Lat. , Long. ; Elev.
A pass in Khurasan, about 17 miles from Jajarm, on the road to Shahrud by
Nardin. The ascent from the east is stony, and at first very steep. It
* The “ hill of salutation. 5 ’