"قاموس، فارسي، عربي، إنجليزي، مع أطروحة عن لغات أمم المشرق وآدابها وعاداتها" [و‎‎٤‎٤] (١٨٢٦/٩٢)

PROOFS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
Ixxi
Hetrurian isles; on the Propontis, the Hellespont, Lemnos, on
the Ceraunian mountains of Epirus; besides other structures, of
which he speaks with less confidence, on the Celtic coast, at
Cadiz, and even as far as India. Archbishop Usher, Bishop
Cumberland, Dr. Jackson, among other moderns, have consi
dered their expedition as historical truth.
P. xxiv. 48 1 Kings, c. xiv. 25, 26. 2 Chron. c. xii. 2 , 3 .
Newton’s Chron. p. 17, et seq. and p. 193, 217, &c. Bryant’s
Mythology, Vol. II. p. 86 .
P. xxv. Isaiah, c. xliv. 28. c. xlv. 1 , &c. Nehemiah,
c. xii. 10 , 11 . Jeshua, Joaikim, Eliashib, Joaida, Jonathan, Jad-
dua; who are expressly said, in v. 22 , to be the priests till the
reign of Darius the Persian. Cyrus being never questioned,
uncommon difficulties are found in making the eras coincide.
Darius the Persian, says Sir Isaac, must be Darius Nothus ;
for Darius Nothus we should read Darius Hystuspes; Ar-
taxerxes Mnemon should be Artaxerxes Longimanus ; and Si
meon Justus should be the high priest who met Alexander, and
not Jaddua. See Newton’s Chron. p. 358, et seq. By this mode
of alienation and substitution, we may make any thing of any thing.
P. xxviii. 50 Eastern authors say, that mother was
of the tribe of Benjamin, and a descendant of Saul; also, that one
of his favourite wives was of the tribe of Judah, and of the line
of Solomon.
The first was the father of Darius, that is, Achsuerus, As-
suerus, Axares, Axeres, or Cy-axcres, &c. Newton’s Chron.
p. 308. Xerxes, Achschirosch, Achszoeros, or Oxyares, suc
ceeded his father Darius, &c. See. p. 353. Josephus, the Sep-
tuagint, and Dr. Hyde, are apparently right with regard to the
prince who married Us/Aer y yet notwithstanding Dr. Hyde’s
opinion (Relig. Vet. Pers. p. 43), it is not from the names that
any analogy can be discovered. The king, in the Persian his
torians, supposed to correspond with Artaxerxes Longimanus, is
Ardeshir Dirdzdast, or Bahaman, so often mentioned; but ex
cepting the initials, there is not a corresponding letter in the
words; nor any circumstance in sound or sense that can justify
such corruption. Ardeshir, as before observed (p. xxvi), was
a great friend to the Jews; his favourite wife, according to the
Persians, was of that nation; his era and marriage will agree
therefore perfectly well with the Ahasuerus of Scripture; who
must, however, as well as the Jewish captivity, if this conjecture
is found to be rational, be brought down about a century lower
than the present chronology.
Many words in Persian are written either with or without the
initial alif or a; Askandar or Sikandar, Alex
ander. Afridunov Farldun. afshdn-
dan or fishdndan, to scatter. agar or Jgar, if.
abar ovy bar, upon. ashkl or shakal, a fetter, a
shackle. ashkam or shikam, the belly, &c. If Khus-
razo is written with an initial a, it forms Akhusraxo. In Hebrew
Ahasuerus is which, by the difference of pointing (a
mere arbitrary modern innovation, and not in use till many cen
turies after those sacred books were written), may be pronounced
Ahasuerus, Achasuerus, Achosurus, Achasurus, &c. as, es, os,
us, or s, being only Western terminations added to Eastern
names; as Darius from Dura, Sapores from Shdpur, Hormisdus
from Hurmuzd, &c. The difference, therefore, between Khus-
razo and Ahasuerus appears so simple, and so much in confor
mity with the idiom of the language, that it may rather be called
a provincial variation than a corruption; there being many words
in Scripture, which undeniably mean the same place, written
with a much greater disagreement: the sacred writers, in mat
ters of such trifling import as proper names, appearing always to
have followed the general rule of spelling such words after the
manner in which the Jews then pronounced them. The follow
ing is given as one example : Ararat, the mountain where the
ark rested after the flood, is called by Jeremiah Ararat Minni;
by Amos, Harmunah; the Chaldee paraphrast makes it Armini;
the Samaritan, Hararat; the Vulgate, Armon; and the Sep-
tuagint, Remnon. In other places it is written Monah, Mona,
Mini, Miniyus, &c.
See Ezra, chap. iv. 5, 6 .
P. xxviii. 51 Many circumstances in our own times, it may be
here observed, create no wonder, because they are familiar; but
a little attention to them will often save us much trouble. What
different shapes does not the same Christian name assume in the
different nations of Europe; and if we allow such liberties to the
ancients, which unquestionably they took, we shall be no more
surprised at finding the same word differently pronounced by a
Hebrew, a Persian, a Syrian, or a Greek; than by an English
man, a Frenchman, a Spaniard, or an Italian. Could any thing
but positive information induce an Asiatic to believe that the fol
lowing were the same names: John, Joannes, Jean, Juan (pro
nounced also Huan), Ivan, arid Giovanni — James, Jacobus,
Jaques, Jago, and Giacomo—Joseph and Giuseppe—George and
Jorje (pronounced also Ilorhe) William, Gulielmus, Guil
laume, and Guillermo — Walter, Gualterus, Gautier, &c.
P. xxix. 02 See the Dissertation, p. viii, ix, x, and their notes.
There are many names in Esther, Ezra, and Nehemiah, which
are undoubtedly Persian; and others which are probably so,
though under Chaldaic and Hebrew disguise; as Esther from
j y. .\ as tar or sitdrah, a star; mihmdn, a stranger or
guest; mishukh, a vine-branch; malzur, a vine
yard; vashti, a beautiful or excellent woman; U3J ginzi
or gazizt, (Esth. c. iii. 9 .) seems to be the Persian gunji
or ginji, a treasury; and here the learned Bochart (Phaleg. p.
69) seems to have made a mistake; for he says, “ Persae hodie
“ dicunt ceniz butj-i£ kaniz or caniz, in Persian, signifies,
a girl; and the word denoting a treasury, as above observed, is
exactly the same with that in the Bible : the difference of vowels