"كتيّب الجزيرة العربية. المجلد I. ١٩١٧" [‎٣‎١‎٥] (٧٤٨/٣٢٤)

INDUSTRIES AND TRADE
315
same period the figures under the three main heads averaged as
follows :—
Exports.
£1,826,430
60,970
219,350
The principal commodities imported are rice, piece-goods,
coffee, dates, sugar, tea, tobacco, spices, fuel, and animals for
slaughter. Real exports other than pearls are of small value and
importance, Bahrein heing a distributing and not a producing
centre , a few textiles and a little sail-cloth almost complete the
tale of local manufacture. The principal share of the Bahrein trade
falls to the lot of India, which is responsible for more than half of
the total, though many goods arriving from that country are really
of Europea.n origin, sent there for reshipment owing to the lack of
direct facilities, and to the fact that Bahrein has grown accustomed
to placing orders in Bombay. Next to India come Persia and 'Iraq
less than 10 per cent, falling to all other countries. The natural
result of this preponderance is that trade is largely in the hands of
Indian and Persian merchants. Besides legitimate commerce, there
is a contraband traffic with the South Persian coast. In 1914 there
was but a single British firm in Bahrein, Gray, Paul and Co., who
are agents for the British India Steam Navigation Co. ; the only
other European commercial house was that of R. Wonckhaus & Co.,
of Hamburg, which had been established for some years. On the
outbreak of war there were two resident members of the latter, the
manager, who was arrested and interned at Karachi, and his
assistant, who belonged to the active reserve of the German Army,
and escaped to Basra. The branch was then closed. There are
no banks, and transactions are largely carried out by means of
Indian currency notes.
Steam communication is chiefly in British hands, the British
( India Steam Navigation Co. maintaining a weekly service up from
Bombay and Karachi, and a fortnightly down to Karachi and
Bombay. The Arab Steamers, Ltd., a line started in 1911 in oppo
sition to the British company, call from Bombay about once every
three weeks, and again on the return voyage from Basra. The
boats of the Persian Gulf Steam Navigation Co. from Bombay call
on th<5 outward voyage once a month, and again on their return.
Before the war, the steamers of the Hamburg-Amerika line called
about once a month on the outward voyage, thus providing the
only regular direct access to Bahrein from Europe.
Imports.
P earls £810,000
Specie 461,280
General merchandise . . . 7ftQ 74.0