"كتيّب الجزيرة العربية. المجلد I. ١٩١٧" [‎١‎٩‎٥] (٧٤٨/٢٠٤)

GOVERNMENT
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an alien aristocracy imported by the senior confederate states, or is
the scion of some ancient ruling race. Intertribal jealousy, feuds,
and a fierce spirit of independence have prevented any revival of
autocratic government; for patriarchal rule tolerates very little pre
rogative, and only such influence as personality, prowess, or wealth
can command. Even a ruling sultan may be promptly deposed by
the tribe he misgoverns, and he can never rely on direct succession
if opposed to the tribal will: though his dynasty may brook all but
a general upheaval, an heir is often passed over for a more suitable
relative by the nominating chiefs ; and the same rule applies right
down the tribal scale to the sheikh of the smallest clan.
The largest unit for administrative purposes is the ' confedera
tion ' of several subordinate tribes with a larger one, whose Sultan
is sufficiently powerful to impose and maintain a sort of suzerainty
over the semi-detached tribeships around him, in addition to the
tribe under his direct control. The various tribes composing a
confederation rank according to their origin and fighting-strength;
for the tribal notion is that gain is no good without the grit which
alone can preserve it. Each tribe (or leading subdivision) manages
its own affairs under the rule of an ' 'Aqil' (wise man) who is always
a member of one of the senior clans (into which the tribe is again
subdivided), but not necessarily the oldest representative of his
house. Here again succession may be set aside, or an 'Aqil deposed
in favour of a cadet, by the will of the tribe. The tribe is again
divided into ' Afkhadh ' (sing. Fakhdh), or clans ; each of these is
under its own sub-'aqil, and its internal affairs may not be interfered
with, by the tribal 'Aqil. A clan is composed of a number of families
or households under a Sheikh, sometimes large enough to form an
entire settlement, which is technically known as a (habitation)
or, if strongly fortified, as a ddr (fortress). The Sheikh has no voice
in the management of individual family affairs, provided the head
of a family does not jeopardize the interests and peace of the clan.
The head of a family (usually also called Sheikh, by courtesy) leaves
household matters to his women-folk.
The tribesmen defer far more to their 'Aqils, or senior chiefs,
than to their actual Sultan (if they happen to acknowledge one),
who, as has been said before, is rarely, if ever, of tribal blood,
and has more often than not been thrust into power during some
crisis of tribal politics. His (the Sultan's) influence is directly in
relation to his wealth—in proportion, in fact, to the magnificence
of his establishment, his hospitality, and the military support his
wealth can procure ; but in time of public danger, against an alien
foe, all tribesmen would flock to the standard of their nominal
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