"استطلاعات في بلاد الرافدين وكردستان وشمال غرب بلاد فارس ولرستان في الفترة من أبريل إلى أكتوبر ١٨٨٨، كتبها المقدم ف. ر. مونسيل، فرع الاستخبارات. يوجد مجلدان. المجلد الأول: تقرير سردي ووصف للمدن الكبرى والطرق المؤدية منها. شيملا: فرع الاستخبارات، إدارة قائد الإمداد والتموين، ١٨٩٠" [و‎‎١‎٤‎٢] (٣١٢/٢٨٨)

These valleys are well cultivated with crops in small patches wherever
water can be got from one of the small streams. Wheat, barley, millet, sesame,
tobacco and cotton, principally the latter, grows from 4 to 6 inches high only,
and seeming to be a smaller variety than that grown in India. .
Several small streams were passed, fed by numerous springs in the hillsides.
In some cases earthbanks were drawn across the stream bed, forming
ponds for watering cattle.
Jaghatu River.
At 13 miles descend into the valley of the Jaghatu river near the small
village of Shaikh. , . .
The river flows down 60° in a narrow valley (5,065 ) bordered by high steep
hills and empties itself into Lake Urmia. #
Berdazer. —The valley here is from 3 to 4 miles wide. In a loop to the
north-west is the large village of Berdazer.
The river in spring occupies in a gravelly bed 200 to 300 yards wide, but
is now only 30 feet wide and a few inches deep, and an occasional deep pool.
In most maps the upper waters of the Jaghatu have been incorrectly drawn.
The streams draining the northern slopes of the Chahil Chashmah lange
have been shown as the upper waters of the Khurkhura river, while they are
actually the sources of the Jaghatu. The Khurkhura rises in the east side of
the range and the Jaghatu on the north-west slopes.
Musra .—At 15 miles we passed the large village of Musra, 4 mile from
the left'bank. From here our path gradually leaves the river valley, turning
up a side valley by a small stream.
Renqrazal. —At 17 miles halted in Rengrazal (o,470 ), a small village,
with a fruit orchard and vineyard. Water-supply abundant from a large
SP11 Fiiewood is scarce, cowdung cakes being principally used, and occasionally
branches of fruit trees, stalks of large thistles, and “ gavvan.”
Supplies are fairly abundant in this district. Melons, cucumbers, pears,
apricots and onions were obtainable. , 1 . 1-1 41
“ Karnoch ” or “ kammagh,” a species of umbelliferous plant, like the
wild carrot or fennel, grows extensively about these hills, and generally
throughout Kurdistan. It is dried as winter fodder for cattle, and was being
cut now.
It grows at an elevation of about 6,000 feet and over.
There are four descriptions of the plant—
(1) The “ karnoch, ” like the wild carrot. | (31 Hahz, like fennel somewhat.
* (2) “ Loch ” * Bannah or manneh.
Besides these, hay is cut along the stream banks, and stacked for the
^Temperature 85° at noon and 87° at 4 p.m., when it clouded over and
became sultry. Morning temperature 67°, with bracing air.
6th August —General direction, S. Left the village (5,170 ), an , a ter
descending a short way, turned up a narrow valley with steep border bills. ^
The lower part of these valleys is cultivated in small patches of wheat,
cotton, tobacco and millet. Several small springs in the hillsides gave a to ood
SUP The 0 tr^k follows a narrow col or ridge having deep narrow valleys on
either hand and is fairly easy for mules with some steep gia ie .1 s.
2 g 2