"استطلاعات في بلاد الرافدين وكردستان وشمال غرب بلاد فارس ولرستان في الفترة من أبريل إلى أكتوبر ١٨٨٨، كتبها المقدم ف. ر. مونسيل، فرع الاستخبارات. يوجد مجلدان. المجلد الأول: تقرير سردي ووصف للمدن الكبرى والطرق المؤدية منها. شيملا: فرع الاستخبارات، إدارة قائد الإمداد والتموين، ١٨٩٠" [ظ‎‎١‎٣‎٧] (٣١٢/٢٧٩)

USHNU.
This is a town of 1,000 houses ensconced in a belt of gardens and orchards
about a mile wide and 3 miles long, extending along the foot of the hills
and watered by streams from them. The orchards are enclosed by mud walls
and hedges, with numerous small canals intersecting them. The principal
water-supply is from a small stream from the hills to the north-west and from
springs. Several drinking fountains are provided by the roadside through
the gardens. Some fine walnut, elm and mulberry trees grew in the orchards,
besides vineyards, melon and cucumber beds, pears, apples, apricots, plums, &c.
The houses are for the most part built of sundried bricks or mud, withl
some good two-storied ones built with a sort of open balcony along the upper
storey, as is the custom in these districts.
The inhabitants ax - e entirely Kurds (Sunnis), and are a handsome, fine
stamp of men. Kermanji and Turkish are chiefly spoken.
The eastern slopes of the Kandil Dagh are visible from here, still patched
with snow {see Route VII).
Routes from Ushnu.
There is a route to Rawanduz leading direct by the Kalashin pass over
the Shaikh Iva, a lofty mountain mass with its summit thickly covei’ed with
snow, situated on the frontier to the west.
The route is never used for caravan traffic, or in fact at all. Parts of it
weie described as being quite impassable for mules and so narrow that two
persons cannot pass each other. The Zeza Kurds on this line are a very
tuibulent lot. Caravans from Urmia to Rawanduz go by the pass more to the
south through Suj-Bulak and Lahijan {see Routes from Rawanduz).
To Suj-Bulak, there is one route to the westward leading into Lahijan,
and from there to Suj-Bulak, and another more direct one to the eastward of
this, which we take.
It is one day to Lahijan by a hilly, but fairly easy, road, and another day
on to Suj-Bulak. ^ ^ j
Route No. XIV.—Ushnu to Suj-Bulak.
30th to 31st July.
Distance
IN MILES.
Stages,
Hours
Rate per diem, in
marckiug.
Intermediate.
Total.
miles per hour.
Guzigailan
65
230
230
354
Suj-Bulak ,,,
7-0
25-5
48-5
3-64
30th July —General direction, S.E. Left Ushnu (5,080'), starting east
across the plain. After 4 mile the gardens are left behind, and the Ushnu Chai,
a small stream flowing in a wide gravelly bed crossed. There are no trees on
the plain, except a few round the villages, The soil is a light gravelly clay, not
quite so fertile as the Baranduz Plain.