"استطلاعات في بلاد الرافدين وكردستان وشمال غرب بلاد فارس ولرستان في الفترة من أبريل إلى أكتوبر ١٨٨٨، كتبها المقدم ف. ر. مونسيل، فرع الاستخبارات. يوجد مجلدان. المجلد الأول: تقرير سردي ووصف للمدن الكبرى والطرق المؤدية منها. شيملا: فرع الاستخبارات، إدارة قائد الإمداد والتموين، ١٨٩٠" [ظ‎‎٦‎٢] (٣١٢/١٢٩)

96
There is a Protestant Christian merchant, Tumao, who does a good deal of
trade, and Missionaries from Urmia occasionally pass through here, and one
or two Russian merchants every year.
On the 23rd the weather in the morning was hazy; in the afternoon
clouded over, with a warm wind from the westward : temperature 80° at noon
and 83° at 2 p.m. At 9 p.m. a heavy thunderstorm, accompanied by heavy
rain and incessant lightning, broke over the town, and kept circling round the
hills till past midnight.
On the 24th temperature 66 ° at 6-0 a.m., with clear bright weather :
temperature 83 ° at noon. Variations of temperature during the day and on
different days are considerable at this time of year.
The nights are much cooler than the days as a rule.
Barometer readings were as follows:
22nd Mat.
23rd Mat.
24th Mat.
25th Mat.
2 P.M.
2 P.M.
9 P.M.
6 A.M.
4 P.M.
8 P.M.
5 A.M.
Large aneroid
27-98
27-96
2807
28-13
28-11
28-14
Small „
28-21
28-18
28-21
28-33
28-38
28-35
28-37
Temperature
GO
o
83°
75°
66 °
83°
69°
56°
Routes from Rawanduz.
The principal trade route through liawanduz is that from Mosul to Suj
Bulak and West Persia.
Prom Rawanduz an easy hill road following the valley of the Rawanduz Chai
leads east over the hills into the Lahijan district in Persia, and from there
direct to Suj Bulak.
The stages are—
Miles.
Rayan ... ... ... ... ... 24
Rayat ... ... ... ... ... 18
Khelisissar ... ... ... ... ... 27
Suj Bulak ... ... ... ... ... 24
Total ... 93
Rayat is a Turkish frontier post. Urmia can also be reached by this route
through Ushnu and Baraoduz (see Route XIII).
The highest point of this route is 6,000 feet. Merchants say that as a rule
this route is clear of snow all the year round for caravans, but in severe
seasons is closed from two to three months at a time.
Route to Vshnu .—Another route into Persia lies over the Kalashin pass to
Ushnu, from which point Urmia and Tabriz can be easily reached. I could
find no one who knew this route in Rawanduz, and no trade follows it; and
it is closed for six months in the year by snow. In Ushnu it was said to
be impracticable for mules, but guides were not obtainable. Xo caravans ever
took it, but preferred to take a more southern road to Lahijan. The stages were
given from Ushnu—(1) Shaikhan, 4 hours ; ( 2 ) Sidaka; a Turkish frontier post,
9 hours; (3) Rawanduz, 8 hours.