"كتيّب سوريا (بما في ذلك فلسطين). لندن: إدارة استخبارات الأركان البحرية، يونيو ١٩١٩" [و‎‎٢‎٧‎٢] (٧٣٨/٥٤٨)

GEOLOGY
537
that of a walnut to a football, are very common, especially
all about the central plateau.
Overlying the limestone there are many patches of trap-
rock and basalt. All these ‘ laval outflows ’ are on the eastern
side of the main watershed. The most extensive area is that
centring round the double volcanic peak known as the Horns
of Hattin, see p. 522. From here the lava has flowed out on
all sides ; it caps the limestone rocks overhanging the western
side of Lake Tiberias and spreads south-east down the wide
valley of Sahel el-Ahma, while northward it is spread out on
the fertile plateau of Hattin. In the district immediately to the
north of this there is another great deposit, probably an entirely
independent outflow, through which the ‘Amud and Raba-
diyeh streams have cut their way. Safed, though its hills
are entirely of soft chalky limestone, is encircled with trap-
rock. To the NW. and N. lie the great volcanic plateaux of
Jish and ‘Alma, each with a rain-filled crater-like pool. To
the E. a great outflow occupies the Ghor between Lake Huleh
and Lake Tiberias, while northward there are terraces of black
lava through which limestone hills project in places. This
region eastward to Jaulan, where there are also numerous
extinct volcanoes, has been a centre of severe earthquakes,
as is suggested by the overthrow of many ancient remains.
Another striking feature in the geology of Galilee is the
great number of rich alluvial plains—Esdraelon, ‘Akka,
Buttauf, Tor‘an, Ghuweir, Huleh, and Meis. The alluvial
deposits of these are often of great depth and extraordinary
productiveness. Outcrops of basaltic rock of considerable
extent occur here and there in the plain of Esdraelon,
notably north-west of ‘Afuleh between Ludd and Ma‘lul,
on both banks of the river Muqatta 4 .
Water-supply
The water-supply of Lower Galilee is rich, especially in the
lower ground—the plain of Esdraelon, valley of Jezreel, and
southern part of the plain of ‘Akka—which is watered by the