"كتيّب سوريا (بما في ذلك فلسطين). لندن: إدارة استخبارات الأركان البحرية، يونيو ١٩١٩" [ظ‎‎١‎٠‎٩] (٧٣٨/٢٢٣)

212
INHABITANTS
made once at least in a lifetime to Mecca, when the pilgrims
also ordinarily visit the tomb of Mohammed in Medina. In
addition, Moslems mostly celebrate as Feasts the first day of
the month which follows on the fasting-month, and the tenth
day of the pilgrim-month; there are besides other feast-days
whose popularity varies.
The division of all Moslems into Sunnites and Shfites has
already been mentioned (p. 204). The right of the Ottoman
sultans to style themselves khalifs has always been denied
not only by the Shi‘ites but also by most Sunnites not subjects
of the Turkish empire. Recently the pan-Islamic movement
has tried with some success to foster amongst Moslems all
over the world the idea that they should regard the Ottoman
Sultan as in some sense their representative and head. The
view, however, that the khalif is a kind of Pope is modem
and is inconsistent with the past history of the office. The
khalifs have always been, in theory at least, great Moslem
princes.
The Sunnites are divided into schools, which differ on
various points of law, especially ceremonial law; the Ottoman
Government officially recognized the Hanifite school, named
after Abu Hanifah, a jurist of the second Islamic century.
The religiously-minded often belong to some order (tarlqah)
which adds various practices to the ceremonies which the
codes enjoin ; the Shadiliyeh order, named after one Shadili
who was born about a. d. 1200, is said to be widely spread in
Palestine. Others that have a large following in Syria gener
ally are the Qadiriyeh, Rifalyeh, Bedawiyeh, Dusuqiyeh, and
Sa‘diyeh. The first of these represents the oldest order, and
the descendants of its founder, ‘Abd el-Qadir Jilani, who left
a family of 45 children, were exempted by the Turks from
military service and enjoyed other privileges. The same
exemption was extended to certain other saintly families.
The Maulawiyeh, or dancing dervishes, have establishments
in Damascus and certain other north Syrian cities. The
Senusiyeh, who represent one of the most modern orders,
are said to have some, but not many, open followers in Syria.