"دليل بلاد فارس، الجزء III، وهو يتضمن محافظة فارس، لورستان، عربستان، خوزستان، يزد، كرمانشاه، أردلان، كردستان" [ظ‎‎١‎٤‎٧] (٦٨٦/٢٩٩)

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but ineffectually; consequently, their chiefs are feared, and precautions
taken to secure proper hostages for their good behaviour.
“ Such of the tribes as have become inhabitants of cities are subject
to the laws and regulations which rule the community they have
adopted: generally speaking, they are employed as servants, attached
to their Khans, either in a military or domestic capacity.
“ The Sahra-nishins, although taxed in various ways and made to
contribute to the military exigencies of the state, are comparatively
less molested than the other inhabitants. Their wealth consists prin
cipally in cattle, which yields them a considerable revenue, and which
they prefer to that produced by the cultivation of the soil. They
breed camels and horses for sale, and their sheep yield milk, which is
made into roghan (liquid butter) and sold throughout the country.
The peculiar privileges of the Iliyats consist in liberty to range over
districts from which no one can dispossess them. They ascend in the
summer to cold regions called Xlaks, where they find pasture, and in the
winter keep to their Kishlak tracts, which enjoy a warmer climate.
These Xlaks and Kishlaks are defined to each tribe by the Government,
and whenever their limits are encroached upon by unprivileged tribes,
violent strifes and battles ensue.
“ The existence of these migratory tribes being advantageous to the
Government, they are little oppressed. They are taxed at certain
established rates upon each head of cattle, and are called upon to serve
in the king’s armies. They pay at the rate of five piastres for each
camel, one piastre for each cow, the same for mares, one abbasi, or
quarter-piastre, for a sheep. When they cultivate the ground, they are
fined according to the rates exacted from the other Rayahs. Should
they not be cultivators, each ten khanahs, or houses, provide one horse
man, mounted and armed; and each five, one footman, or tufankchi.
These receive forage from the Shah. The horseman’s pay is about
eight tumans annually, for which he serves six months in the
field; the other six he remains at home. He is paid twice in the year,
half and half in advance, and during the time he is in actual service
receives a daily allowance of one man of barley for his horse, and
straw in proportion. The horsemen are obliged to attend the muster
and the review, which the king makes after the Nau-Ruz of all
his troops, properly mounted and equipped, or they are severely punish
ed. The tufankchi, or foot soldier, gets 7 tumans per annum,
and half the year remains at home. The wages, are paid into the
hands of the Khan of the tribe, who then delivers over the money to
the subaltern officers, called Sultans and Bin-bashis, who pay the
soldiers. This promotes peculation; the Khan, subteicting his share,
the Mirza or scribe his, and the subalterns theirs, while the poor
soldier deems himself very lucky if he gets one-half of that which is
his due. Agha Muhammad Shah, the eunuch king, used to pay the
troops with his own hand. The great advantage of being military
servants is protection to their families, the Governors of villages and
other men in office not daring to molest them under such circum
stances.
“ The Iliyats are not compelled to bestow their labour upon public