"سرد لرحلة إلى موقع مدينة بابل في ١٨١١، طُبعت الآن لأول مرة: مذكرات على الأطلال؛ مع نقوش من الخرائط المدبئية للمؤلف: ملاحظات على طبوغرافية بابل القديمة،بقلم الرائد رينيل؛ في إشارة إلى المذكرات: مذكرات ثانية على الأطلال؛ في إشارة إلى ملاحظات الرائد رينيل: مع سرد لرحلة إلى برسبوليس: طُبعت الآن لأول مرة، مع كتابات مسمارية نسخت في برسبوليس ولم تُنشر من قبل: كتبها الراحل كلوديوس جيمس ريتش، المحترم، المقيم البريطاني السابق لشركة الهند الشرقية في بغداد. حررته أرملته." [‎٩‎٤] (٤٧٤/١٨٠)

MEMOIR ON THE RUINS
semblance in themselves to the Birs; and we may,
therefore, reasonably conclude that they were in
tended for the same design, either the honour of the
dead, the observation of the celestial bodies, religious
worship, or perhaps some of these motives combined.
In like manner we find in Egypt the original idea
of the pyramids exactly copied at different times
on a smaller scale, and each pyramid having its
dependant temple. I leave to the learned the de
cision of this point, and the determining what de
gree of resemblance, in form and purpose, exists be
tween the pyramids of Memphis and the tower of
Belus.
I have dwelt the longer on this most interesting
of the Babylonian edifices, as I shall have but little
to offer on the rest. The citadel or palace (for it
served both these purposes, and was the only fortress
within the walls) was surrounded by an exterior
wall of sixty stadia in circumference ; inside which
was another of forty stadia, the interior face of which
was ornamented with painting, as is the custom of
the Persians at the present day ; and again, within
this last was a third, adorned with designs of hunt-
ing. On the opposite side of the river, and on the
same side with the tower of Belus, was situated the
old palace, the outer wall of which was no larger
than the inner one of the new. Above the new
palace or citadel were the hanging gardens, which,
according to Strabo, formed a square of four plethra
each face, and were fifty cubits in height. When I