"دليل الخليج. مجلد I. القسم التاريخي. الأجزاء Iأ و Iب. ج.ج. لوريمر ١٩١٥" [‎١‎٤‎١‎٧] (١٧٨٢/١٥٧٢)

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was among the causes of the catastrophe, was deposed in May 1876, by
a political coalition including the Grand Vazir, the ]Ministei of ar,
and Mid-hat Pasha, ex-Wali of Baghdad, under a Fatwa obtained from
the Shaikh-ul-lslam. He died soon afterwards, not without indications of
foul play, and was succeeded by a nephew bearing the title of Murad V,
The new Sultan proved a nonentity and was removed for incompetence
in August 1876, having reigned only three months.
As the situation of Turkey grew worse, from internal causes, Russian
influence at Constantinople increased. In 1870, at the instance of
Russia, the Bulgarian Exarchate was created by the Porte : this removed
the Bulgarian Church from the jurisdiction of the Greek Patriarch at
Constantinople and stimulated the growth of a Bulgarian national spirit.
In 1871, after the overthrow of France by Germany, Russia succeeded
in obtaining a partial abrogation of the Treaty of Paris, thus further
enhancing her prestige on the Bosphorus. The modification of the
Treaty restored to Russia and Turkey their freedom in regard to the
maintenance of armaments in the Black Sea,—a change beneficial to the
former country; but the Straits remained closed to all but Turkish men
of war.
A law important to all foreign nations possessing subjects in Turkey
was promulgated in June 1867, whereby foreigners were allowed for the
future to own immoveable property throughout the Ottoman Empire,
except in the sacred province of Hijaz, on condition of submitting to
Turkish jurisdiction in respect of the same.
Relations of Turkey with Persia, 1861-76.
The most striking incident in the history of Turko-Persian relations Visit of
. H M Nasir-
during the reign of the Sultan 'Abdul ^Aziz, was a pilgrimage made by
Shah of
Nasir-ud-Din Shah, the ruler of Persia, to the Shi'ah shrines of Turkish
'Iraq. The question of the visit was mooted in May 1870, or earlier;
the visit itself took place in the following winter ; and it must have
caused acute anxiety to the Turkish Government in view of the mutual
hatred of Sunnis and Shi'ahs, of the traditional enmity between Arabs
and Persians, and of the incessant friction and strained relations between
the Turkish and Persian Governments arising out of frontier relations,
which appeared at this time to be again approaching a crisis. That it
was not accomplished without the greatest inconvenience to Turkish
Persia, to
Turkish
'Iraq, 1870-
71.