"دليل الخليج. مجلد I. القسم التاريخي. الأجزاء Iأ و Iب. ج.ج. لوريمر ١٩١٥" [‎١‎٣‎٤‎٦] (١٧٨٢/١٥٠١)

lad of sixteen, but of good natural ability and carefully educated for the
throne. The Sultan 'Abdul Majid grew up t " a kind-hearted, well -inten-
" tioued man, but constitutionally weak and feeble. His appearance agreed
" with his character. He was small in stature, and pale, and sat with
downcast eyes."
The first task which confronted the young ruler was that of reducing
to obedience his rebellious governor of Egypt, Muhammad 'Ali Pasha;
but a combination of European powers, comprising Britain, France, Russia
Austria and Prussia, took this duty out of his hands and discharged it
more effectually than he could have done. France secretly sympathised
with Muhammad 'Ali, favoured by whom she hoped ultimately to establish
her own predominance in the Mediterranean. She desired to maintain
him in possession of Syria ; and she resented as a mortal affront " to
herself the decision of the other concerted powers, reached in July 1840,
to present Muhammad All with an ultimatum requiring his submission to
the Porte.
Hit British, Russian and Austrian fleets appeared m August off the
Syrian coast; Bairut was bombarded; Acre surrendered; and the
Egyptian army of occupation was dislodged from Syria by a rising
of the inhabitants of the country. A naval demonstration against
Alexandria followed and Muhammad 'Ali submitted, -after which, by a
Far man dated 13th February 1841, the Sultan, acting on the advice of
the powers, conferred the Pashaliq of Egypt on him and his descendants
as a hereditary possession^ to be held by them on conditions consistent
with the dignity and suzerainty of the Turkey. On the 13th July
of the same year a Convention was signed at London by representa
tives of the five powers, whereby it was settled that the Dardanelles and
the Bosphorus should be closed, so long as the Porfce was at peace, to
foreign men of war.
Arabian A fairs, 1801-1905, printed in 1905. To these may be added ^Bombay
Selection JSo. X.LI1I, Turkish Arabia, etc., 1857, and several works by travellers
(some of which will be quoted in footnotes) casting light upon particular points, such
as Layard s Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia, 1887, Nineveh
and its Remains, and Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, 1853;
Loftus s Travels and Researches in Chaldcea and Susiana, 1857; and Mitford's
Land March from India to Ceylon, 1884. With reference to the question of the
urko-Penuaa frontier the most valuable source is Extracts from Correspondence
relatii e to the Tm / o-Per si an Boundary Negotiations, in three parts, printed for the
or 0 i g n ^ ce in 1J12, but the Hon ble R. Curzon's Armenia, 1854, supplies some
ii <i ^ nai ^ ac ^ s ' ^ i0W s of the Indian Navy is of service in connection with
the Mesopotamian surveys, navigation of the Tigris, etc.
f Layard's Early Adventures, Vol. II, page 452.