"دليل الخليج. مجلد I. القسم التاريخي. الأجزاء Iأ و Iب. ج.ج. لوريمر ١٩١٥" [‎١‎٠‎٦‎١] (١٧٨٢/١٢١٦)

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1061
serine of 'AH were removed temporarily, it is said, to the tomlj of
Imam Musa at Kadhimain near Baghdad ; and, to placate the indignant
sovereigns of Turkey and Persia, Sulaiman Pasha once more set on foot
an expedition, largely tribal in its composition, against Dara'iyah.
This force was commanded by Thuwaini, chief Shaikh of the Muntafik,
and included contingents from the Dhafir, Shammar and Ka'ab tribes,
as well as from the Muntafik ; but^ like the expedition under 'Ali Pasha,
it ended in disaster. During a halt at the wells of Subaihiyah,
30 miles south of Kuwait, the commander Thuwaini was murdered
by a slave; Sa^ud, the Wahhabi, approached; and the whole force
dispersed in confusion. The non-Bedouin portion, unable to find their
way in the desert and dying of thirst, mostly surrendered to the
Wahhabis, and those who had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the
more fanatical tribes of Southern Najd, such as the Qahtan and the
> Ataibah, were put to death in cold blood. Broken down by these
accumulated misfortunes, Sulaiman Pasha expired on the 7th of
August 1802.
The general supineness of the Turks in face of the serious provoca
tions which they received from the Wahhabis is only intelligible in
connection with their situation in Europe, which from 1768 to 1808 was
continuously grave, at first by reason of foreign wars and later from
internal causes. *
* Tn 1768 the Sultan Mustafa III unadvisedly declared war by land and sea
against Catharine of Russia ; the Russians occupied the Crimea; and further losses to
Turkey were only averted by an armistice, during which the partition of Poland took
place. In 1773 war broke out afresh and continued till the peace of Kutchak Kainar-
dji in 1774, by which the Crimea was made independent of Turkey, while Azoff, Kertch
and Kinburn became Russian possessions. In 1783 Catharine definitely annexed the
Crimea to Russia ; and in 1788 Austria and Russia made a joint attack on Turkey
with the object of spoliation. In 1791 the Russian armies crossed the Danube ; and in
1792 the treaty of J assy transferred Tiflis and the country between the Crimea and
the Dniester from Turkey to Russia. After th accession of Paul, Russia and
Turkey stood for a short time on the same side, as members of the second coalition
against Napoleon who had invaded the Turkish Province of Egypt in 1798; but
mutinous Janissaries, insubordinate provincial governors, and disaffected Christian
subjects soon brought the Turkish Empire to the verge of dissolution. In ISO 1
Servia revolted, at first ngainst the tyranny of the Janissaries, but ultimately against
Turkish rule; in 1805 Turkey, now allied with France, was again attacked, but
languidly, by Russia, and later a British naval force operated against Constantinople ; in
1807 the Janissaries deposed the Sultan Salim III. Under Mahmud II, who
reigned from 1808 to 1839, this ebb of the Turkish fortunes was partially stemmed,
(See footnote on page 1100).